A History of Greece Essay

Western Civilization owes quite a bit of its advancement to Greek history in light of the fact that a large portion of the current standards and information on man was gotten from this antiquated culture. The establishments of arithmetic, science, medication, theory, governmental issues and even the various types of craftsmanship these days were first settled some time before Christ was conceived in these Mediterranean islands. The Bronze Age (3000 BCE to 1100 BCE) Bronze turned into a vigorously utilized metal in Greece during 3000 B. C. It was utilized to make various instruments and antiquated fight weapons that were all piece of Greek day by day life. The three incredible civic establishments that merit considering were conceived on various pieces of Greece. The Minoans chose Crete at around 2600 B. C. This people group got its name from Minos, an amazing child of Zeus, who administered Crete and free it of ocean privateers (Minos, 2007). Continuously 2000 B. C. , these individuals had the option to build up an extremely powerful network life set apart by great exchange exercises that helped make its residents rich. The individuals of Minoa got known for their royal residences and financial political association. The primary proof of Greek composing considered Linear An, originated from this period. There stay explicit confirmations that Minoans held incredible yet quiet impact over the islands of the Aegean notwithstanding being maritime victors. At around 1500 B. C. , records appear to suggest that a well of lava on Santorini ejected which caused serious quake and colossal tsunamis that could have cleared out the Minoan human advancement (Greeka, n. d. ). Mycaenaeans, another network confirm to have originated from the north in around 2000 B. C. , chose the fundamental island and turned into the focal point of exchange after the rule of the Minoans. The past centuries’ records show that these two civic establishments had an intricate relationship in that it had solid business associations with one another but on the other hand were contending in their strength of the Mediterranean. In any case, with the abrupt vanishing of the Minoan human progress, the Mycenaeans turned into the exchange center point during the 1400 B. C. to 1200 B. C. with â€Å"much of the Minoan social custom moved to the primary island† (Mycenaean Civilization, 2007). A portion of their disparities with the Minoans, nonetheless, were appeared through their utilization of shields in fights and better invigorated domains. Mycenaeans are additionally noted for their facial hair. The individuals of Mycenaea decided to live in littler units or realms yet were joined by one lingo. The account of the Trojan War is by all accounts dependent on certain realities between the Mycenaeans and the â€Å"inhabitants of the Troad, or Troas, in Anatolia† which is currently Turkey (Trojan War, 2007). There are signs that when Troad was burdened by a horrible fire, the Mycenaeans needed to vanquish the city. The significance of Mycenaean people group finished at around 1200 B. C. when â€Å"crops started to come up short and famine† grasped Greece (Ancient Greeks, n. d. ), This caused â€Å"peasant uprisings and inward fighting (Greeka, n. d. ). The Cycladic people group started in the various isles of the Aegean which were in Crete and territory Greece. The Cyclade zone was an indispensable area since it was the Greece’s business association with the remainder of Europe and Asia from which the Greeks learned a considerable lot of their rural practices. This timespan was described by a quick development in populace and extremely powerful improvement in all parts of society. Model utilizing marble and stoneware were well known fine arts during this period around there of Greece. The Dark Ages (1100 B. C. to 800 B. C. ) The Dark Ages are called so in light of the fact that little proof could show what occurred during this time span. There are a few discoveries that Dorians, a Greek-talking clan from the North, may have caused the decrease of Mycenaean human advancement. â€Å"The Dorians hushed up about force totally, making a decision military class which they exclusively occupied’ (Dorian, 2007). It appears that the incorporated frameworks were broken and that governments commanded the political structure. This period’s critical commitment to Greek history, in any case, appears to show that it was right now when Homer composed the Iliad which incorporated the epic of the Trojan War (Greeka, n. d. ). Antiquated Period (800B. C. to 500 B. C. ) During the Archaic Period, Aristocratic Republics supplanted the political structure of Greek progress and outside impact flourish. It is during this time human and legendary figures started to show up in various artistic expressions. The main Olympic game was held in 776 B. C. wherein a cook named Koroibas won the 600 foot race called stadion (The Games, n. d. ). These celebrations were held for the God on Mount Olympus, Zeus. Individuals felt that Greece at his point in time, was overpopulated and started to relocate to other European regions carrying with them their propelled culture. Coins turned into a cash at around 600 B. C. (Antiquated Greek Civilizations, 2003) because of the impact of merchants from Asia Minor where the primary coin was as far as anyone knows made. Panathenaic celebrations became well known at some point in 566 B. C. This significant event celebrated for various days at some point among July and August, probably Athena’s birthday, was very much foreseen in light of the fact that anybody can join with the exception of slaves. It comprised of challenges, parades and forfeits (The Panathenaic Festival, n. d. ). Popular government Another extremely huge commitment of this period is the introduction of majority rule government in Athens at around 508 B. C. There were two kinds of individuals in Greece. Men who were conceived in the city they lived in were called residents while every other individual are considered non-residents. Just residents have the selection of lawmakers and vote in plebiscites. There were huge shows called â€Å"The Assembly† that must be gone to by in any event 6, 000 residents before it was viewed as sufficiently legitimate to be heard by the administration. This gathering was done consistently wherein residents may address their interests with respect to laws that should have been actualized. An assortment of officials called Council was comprised of 500 residents which was changed every year. The individuals held the errand of making new laws and bantered on how these could be best executed. Life in Greece There was a â€Å"agora† in every Greek city (Ancient Greeks, n. d. ) which was similar to a town square wherein vendors can exchange their different merchandise whether local or remote. This was the focal point of trade wherein anybody, even outsiders, was permitted to purchase what they needed. It was likewise where men may hang out to with companions, know the most recent political declaration or exchange sees with outsiders. Not very many ladies could be found in the public square and they were generally female slaves who have been sent by their rich experts to look for showcase products. The most significant foundation of the city were worked around the public square. In view of the hot atmosphere, Greeks want to wear light garments which are confirm on the carvings that present-day archeologists have had the option to contemplate. Contingent upon the glow, a few men even want to wear just their undergarment. During chilly climate, they place a shroud over their typical garments which are tunics or â€Å"chitons† †square molded material that are held at the shoulders utilizing pins and around the abdomen by belts (Ancient Greeks, n. d. ). Ladies frequently wore a fancier shorter variant considered a peplos that was worn on the chiton. To take off weariness, these tunics were typically colored and weaved as indicated by tastes. Insurance for the feet was normally utilized when outside of the house and these came as shoes and cowhide boots. Pins and pins were important gems to attach their chitons. The ladies loved each type of gems. The well off females additionally utilized make-up and permitted their captives to fix their hair as indicated by what was in style. At around 500 B. C. , men saw it popular to wear facial hair and short haircuts. Greek ladies relatives generally shared the assignments of cooking yet the wealthier ones could employ captives to deal with the duty. The eating regimen was a joyful blend of foods grown from the ground throughout the mid year and dried variants throughout the winter. Some of the time, the families can store enough foods grown from the ground cheeses in summer months which could be sufficient to hold them over the winter. The individuals who were close to the ocean making the most of its produce as long as the climate allowed a catch. Meat was viewed as a costly food and the poor of society can't manage the cost of it. At the point when events do permit the ruined to eat meat, they exploit the circumstance to eat each eatable part†¦even the minds. The Role of Women in Greece Women delighted in almost no opportunity in Greek society. Just affluent ladies were permitted to get music or composing exercises at home. Just the rich multi year old young men were sent to the exercise room (school) and returned following eight years to trust that an additional three years will become residents. In any case, young ladies were not permitted to get instruction outside of the limits of her home. A very remarkable girl’s information in music, moving, cooking and weaving are bestowed by their moms. They were required to follow whatever their spouses or fathers inquired. A young lady can get hitched in any event, when she is only fifteen years of age and is required not to return to her previous home any longer. It is the wife’s obligation to run the tasks of the house and guarantee the great administrations of the slaves. Since the avenues were viewed as dangerous, most ladies are secured to invest the majority of their energy at home. Occasionally, the spouse may give the lady a relief from fatigue by taking her to the theater or permitting her to be went with outside the house by a male hireling. Beside doing housework, ladies made the garments, covers and whatever material needs of their families. They likewise were required to set up the food required for winter. How the Gods Influenced Greece The Greeks

Economic, Environmental And Social Impacts Of Tourism

Financial, Environmental And Social Impacts Of Tourism The travel industry is one of the biggest and most powerful universal segments. Its quick development, developing foundation, outside cash streams, and the presentation of cutting edge the executives methods have affected various parts decidedly by adding to social and monetary turn of events. Negative effects Positive effects Social Outside impact may make society lose qualities and conventions. Local people may have their security attacked. Makes new position openings Helps actualize present day belief systems. Travel helps society on a mental level as it gives individuals a level of opportunity of development. Carrying remote ability to the goal through gatherings, in this manner reinforcing ties. Creating intercultural understanding Creating fellowships Ecological The travel industry transportation hurts nature of the goals of cause and appearance, and dirties during travel. Damages the goals claim to outsiders. The travel industry may give national specialists the motivating force to defend the earth. Monetary Contamination causes strain on the national social insurance framework, which may build government deficiency and long haul obligation. Nearby economy may experience the ill effects of other developing goals. Portion of assets might be coordinated towards satisfying voyagers as opposed to satisfying long haul occupants. Makes business which adds to government tax assessment income. Monetary benefit by partners. Tourisms real and potential effect is bewildering; anyway such effect isn't simply positive. For pretty much every positive effect, there happens to be a negative one. These might be partitioned into financial, ecological and social effects, as classified beneath: Society Social contact among travelers and local people may clear a path for social gratefulness through getting, resilience and mindfulness. As the travel industry adds to valuable improvements in parts, for example, training, why not grasp it and guarantee that individuals keep on visiting? The human angle is urgent for the accomplishment of any travel industry item. Travelers appreciate addressing local people, and local people ought to be available to talk with vacationers to increase the value of their experience. In the event that nearby culture is the base for pulling in travelers to the territory, it gives added motivating force to save the neighborhood customs and artworks which are run of the mill to that zone. In specific regions of the Maltese islands, visitors contribute fundamentally to the conservation of nearby artworks, for example, glass blowing and trim, just as the support of significant chronicled landmarks and structures. Despite the fact that it is blessed that travel industry drives national associations to safeguard verifiable curios and landmarks, it is terrible to realize that little would be done on the off chance that it were not for the travel industry. To amplify the positive social effects, outsiders and local people the same must be taught. Local people must be made mindful that they should think about their effects and environmental factors, and regard different societies to make their goal progressively alluring on a physical and social level. Then again, outsiders should likewise be taught to guarantee that they regard the customs, societies and environmental factors of host networks. Because of the absence of mindfulness among voyagers, the braced city of Mdina in Malta is a lot of upset by vacationers. It is home to a little more than one hundred individuals, yet is visited by many individuals regularly, frequently running into the thousands throughout the late spring months. The city has become such a well known fascination, that the nearby individuals are starting to feel commoditised. Therefore they are creating negative mentalities towards travelers. This idea is know as Greenwashing. Greenwashing alludes to the commoditisation of indigenous inhabitants and common environmental factors, making extreme social issue. Occupants are frequently dependent upon attack of security as travelers neglect to regard their every day lives, regularly looking into people groups houses, and on numerous events, entering them to take a couple of snappy photographs. Then again, the travel industry is frequently useful in helping moderately preservationist social orders become increasingly open to the world. This is the situation in specific locales of Libya for example, where state pioneers have as of late given the approval for the improvement of various ocean side retreats along the coasts, just as eco-touristic territories. Therefore, Libyans may turn out to be progressively open to outsiders over the long haul. Despite the fact that these plans have been against by various nationals, it was accomplished for the drawn out advantage of the nation. During the 1980s, the Libyans were a lot of impervious to the progressions proposed by their pioneers. Remote spectators accepted that the heads of states were in for a troublesome time attempting to persuade people in general of the requirement for social change. The significance of movement should likewise be pushed inside organizations, as it widens ones points of view as well as assist individuals with getting progressively beneficial. Travel for recreation is demonstrated to improve mental wellbeing by lessening feelings of anxiety. Leave from work is presently compulsory in many nations around the globe, essentially on account of the significance of recreation time. Another advantage of the travel industry on the structure of society might be the acquaintance of outside ability with the goal, which thusly may improve the aptitudes of the neighborhood workforce. Remote specialists may visit a goal for meetings, through which they can create or fortify associations with neighborhood business visionaries. Because of such connections, travel has given organizations the conceivable outcomes to frame associations or join subsidiary projects with abroad organizations. The uniqueness of a goal is instrumental to its prosperity, so national government or worldwide organizations must guarantee that the vital frameworks are set up to keep away from any feeling of placelessness. Placelessness is an idea authored by E. Relph which expresses that spots become increasingly more like each other because of globalization. Despite the fact that this may appear to be fantastical to a few, it is as yet a likely situation later on as the world turns out to be much increasingly associated. National and neighborhood governments should in this manner do their most extreme to advance the one of a kind character of the goal. For example, Malta is the main island of its size to have its own one of a kind authority language which isn't spoken anyplace else on the planet. Throughout the years Malta has been altogether impacted by outsiders, nonetheless, a large number of its conventions have stayed unblemished, for example, the neighborhood town feasts and the customary Maltese society music called ghana. Be that as it may, while introducing a culture to sightseers may help save the way of life, it can likewise weaken or even pulverize it. Nearby people group should in this way present conventions in their most perfect structures, without exorbitant altering. Despite the fact that the European Unions point is to make a solid system between European nations, it firmly accepts that every nation must shield its own customs to stay engaging. Condition The unnecessary advancement of an asset can prompt various negative effects, for example, overdevelopment and loss of normal environments. From a biological perspective, a few people may consider the travel industry to be the more adequate industry. They may state that it is significantly less harming than deforestation or overfishing, for example, which might be valid. Nonetheless, those individuals who dissect the travel industry intently from all points of view will see that travel industry makes a lot of harm the common habitat. Travelers will in general abandon a path of natural corruption as litter, from the over the top utilization of water in their lodgings, leaving lights on after they leave their rooms, to the consuming of petroleum products when utilizing transportation to and from their last goal, just as inside it. It is notable that the travel industry isn't just comprised of direct players, yet additionally circuitous players, and these have a critical influence in dir tying nature. Another significant factor to consider is the way that specific territories can just oblige a constrained measure of individuals one after another. This idea is known as conveying limit. Mathieson and Wall (1982) characterized the travel industry conveying limit as The most extreme number of individuals who can utilize a site without an unsuitable adjustment in the physical condition and without unsatisfactory decrease in the nature of experience picked up by guests. To guarantee the life span of specific attractions, conveying limit rules must be regarded and assessed to guarantee that little damage is caused. Albeit limiting the quantity of contestants into an office may encroach upon gainfulness, in specific situations it is more important to ensure something one of a kind than to deplete it. Progressions in ecologically amicable advances are well in progress, and various carrier makers are structuring more eco-friendly airplane which fall inside emanations rules. Land transportation is additionally getting progressively ecologically inviting with the presentation of half breed just as every single electric vehicle, and more eco-friendly fossil fuelled vehicles. US President Barack Obama is setting a major model by needing all open transportation inside the New York region to be earth benevolent inside the following not many years. The travel industry in Libya is on the ascent, bringing expanded interest for lodging settlement and for limit at air terminals, for example, Tripoli International. A multi-million dollar redesign of Libyan air terminals has as of late been endorsed by the legislature to help fulfill such needs. At present 130,000 individuals visit the nation yearly; the Libyan government would like to expand this figure to 10,000,000 voyagers. Saif al-Islam al-Gaddafi, the second-oldest child of Muammar al-Gaddafi, is associated with a green advancement venture called the Green Mountain Sustainable Development Area, which looks to carry the travel industry to Cyrene and to protect Greek remnants in the region. Economy

The Task Force for Corrections Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

The Task Force for Corrections - Term Paper Example These methodologies have been demonstrated insufficient in light of the fact that they disregarded the observational proof on what impacts guilty party change. As Latessa, Cullen and Gendreau (2002) note, these practices are instances of â€Å"correctional quackery.† Second, in the wake of inspecting existing proof, the report suggests that recovery ought to be Ohio’s controlling restorative hypothesis. In such manner, this report at first looks at the restrictions of contending approaches. Following this conversation, the case for reaffirming recovery is introduced. The standard of appropriate recompense and revenge ought to be adequate to dissuade a wrongdoer from carrying out a wrongdoing. This isn't stating that imprisonment is a successful obstruction to wrongdoing or culpable. The way that violations and culpable have been expanding regardless of the disciplines and detainments related with wrongdoings and culpable ought to be sufficiently satisfactory to show that imprisonment limitedly affects discouragement. As indicated by Muhlhausen (2010), the guideline of prevention looks to make wrongdoings exorbitant so less violations can happen. On inspecting the imprisonment information of 1972-1993, be that as it may, Lynch finished up (1999, p. 359) that detainment gives â€Å"no proof of discouragement at the total level for the US† on violations (1999, p. 359). As per Lynch (1999), the end stayed genuine regardless of whether cross-sectional investigation are utilized for wrongdoing and detainment patterns for 1980 through 1991. Restoration centers around the character of the guilty party. The two guilty parties and non-wrongdoers the same live in a general public where they are not watched 100% of the time. Control-situated projects don't change the character of the guilty party. On this by itself, control-situated management projects will flop as bosses lose authority over the wrongdoer, particularly in the wake of having served jail time. The rule directly after simply desert and retaliation can't be crippling in light of the fact that weakening is sufficiently canvassed in the rule of appropriate recompense

College Admissions Essay - Preparing Ahead of Time

College Admissions Essay - Preparing Ahead of TimeIf you are getting ready to write a college admissions essay, the process can be stressful. You want to write one that will stand out and that will be remembered. One way to do this is to prepare your essay before writing it.College admissions essays are typically an opportunity for an applicant to share her or his experiences. Your essay should reflect the personal nature of your experiences. But it must also be compelling and show you have what it takes to succeed in college. By writing your essay well ahead of time, you have the opportunity to decide what types of topics and points you will include.One of the most important aspects to consider is the topics that you wish to include. Each essay should contain a few key information which will help you outline your own experiences. Make sure you stick to the original plan when developing your essay.Now that you have decided on a specific topic, it is time to begin to write. It is not necessary to use writing software to write your essay, but it is necessary to research carefully and compile your thoughts. You can begin by researching the topic and using this information to help you write your essay.The topic that you chose can greatly influence the topics that you include in your college admissions essays. You should feel free to include any experience that will be related to your chosen subject. Also, make sure to write about an experience that can be related to your chosen topic.As you begin to write your essay, you should include your personal experiences. Even if you are applying to more than one college, it is important to write about your experiences. This will ensure that the topic you choose will be appropriate to your intended career path.Once you begin to write, you will find that the topic is quite easy to write. You can choose your own style of writing and your emotions and interests will come out through your words. Writing a college admissions essa y can be as simple as writing a sentence or two.By spending some time to research the topic you wish to write about, you will be able to write a good college admissions essay. If you find the topic that you choose to write about is similar to one you already have, there is no reason to rewrite the entire essay. By planning ahead and having a brief idea of what you want to write about, you will find that it is very easy to write.

Effects of Corruption on Economic Growth Essay

Defilement has been around for an extremely prolonged stretch of time and will be around later on except if governments can make sense of compelling approaches to battle it. This won't be simple. Defilement in any structure is treated as a serious ailment reason for some social and financial wrongs in the general public and it harms the good and moral strands of the human progress .Indisputably, it is right that debasement breeds numerous disasters in the general public and once debasement start occur ,gradually and continuously entire nation goes through its net and it becomes after some time hopeless illnesses .from the monetary perspective ,there appear to be no obvious connection among's defilement and the financial development of a nation. There might be some social diseases like disparity of pay among the individuals ,moral debasement of individuals because of the commonness of defilement ,the parameter of monetary development which are taken on rate or a normal premise are alt ogether unique In any case, within the sight of defilement, agents are regularly made mindful that an in advance pay off is required before a venture can be begun and that a short time later degenerate authorities may make a case for part of the returns from the speculation. Specialists thusly decipher debasement as a types of taxâ€though of an especially malignant nature, given the requirement for mystery and the vulnerability that the pay off taker will satisfy his piece of the bargainâ€that lessens their motivation to contribute. Exact proof recommends that defilement brings down speculation and retards financial development to a noteworthy degree. In addition, when it appears as tax avoidance or asserting ill-advised duty exceptions, debasement may achieve loss of expense income. In addition, the portion of open acquirement contracts through a degenerate framework may prompt lower nature of foundation and open administrations. At that point, Corruption may mutilate the organization of government consumption. Defilement may entice government authorities to pick government expendituresâ less based on open government assistance than on the open door they accommodate coercing pay-offs. Huge ventures whose careful worth is hard to screen may introduce rewarding open doors for debasement. From the earlier, one may expect that it is simpler to gather generous pay-offs on huge foundation activities or high-innovation safeguard frameworks than on course readings or teachers’ pay rates. So far Indian financial is concerned the moderate advancement is the aftereffect of absence of dynamic at more significant level .Many government official who take cash however couldn't authorize their will on account of ground-breaking campaign of civil servants at many spot and a majority rules system like India ,voice of media ,voice of resistance could stifle the desire of the pioneer . India’s monetary development on a normal 6 % GDP in spite of extensive debasement is a result of the dependability and the changed measure taken by the present govt., slow privatization of different division, diminishing bureaucratic intercession in routine work and other measure received by govt. In a word it very well may be inferred that debasement and financial development has no unmistakable connection .solid foundation, political soundness, quick and sensibility in choice taking are a portion of the prerequisite for quick monetary development.

How to Write a Good Essay Introduction

How to Write a Good Essay IntroductionIt is all too easy to give in to the temptation to just start writing an essay introduction because the topic is interesting and you want to write an introduction for it. You can become very frustrated if you don't have an idea of how to do this in a professional way, but the simple truth is that there are many easy steps you can take to help you do it right.One of the best ways to do a good essay introduction is to make sure you have your essay written from the viewpoint of the writer. You need to understand why the idea for the essay came to you in the first place, why you want to write it, and what exactly you are trying to say with it. This is the key to having a well-written introduction.After you have your idea for the topic you want to write, you need to think about how to start your essay introduction, and this is one of the most important steps you can take to help yourself understand how to write a good essay introduction. When you sit down to write your introduction, start by thinking about the topic you have chosen and why you have chosen it. What was it that attracted you to the topic? What drove you to write your introduction?Once you have thought about these things and they are clear in your mind, you need to brainstorm on the best way to get the reader's attention with your essay introduction. If you can make your introduction stands out from the rest of the essay, then you are on the right track. You may need to consider writing a research paper or a dissertation as a method of getting your introduction noticed.When you are able to do this, you are well on your way to having a good essay introduction. Another thing you need to think about is how to get the reader's attention. Ifyou are using articles, you want to make sure that they are easy to read and that they deliver what you want to say. While an essay introduction is usually written as a thesis statement, you may want to leave some room for embellishm ent so that the reader can fill in the blanks.As you learn more about how to write a good essay introduction, you will find that there are different types of introduction you can use. There are many different styles to choose from. One of the things you need to understand is that this is a job that requires some knowledge and skill, so you should not expect to get it right the first time. That being said, you will be able to write an essay introduction that will make an excellent first impression.The key to how to write a good essay introduction is to create a plan for the essay introduction and be aware of the many different styles you can use. In other words, you need to find out what will work best for you in order to be able to get your essay out the door without any problems. It is always better to be ready than sorry.Whether you are learning how to write a good essay introduction or simply want to finish a piece of writing, the key to making the task easier is to have an outli ne in place. This will ensure that you don't forget anything important while you are writing the essay introduction and will also make sure that you have a solid foundation on which to build your article. You need to be organized in order to accomplish this goal, and that means that you will need to organize the materials you use as well.

Inventory Management Dell Company Essay - 1650 Words

Inventory Management: Dell Company (Essay Sample) Content: Inventory ManagementNameInstitutionIntroduction Dell Inc. is a computer technology company privately owned and based in Round Rock, Texas, in the United States. This multinational company is engaged in developing, selling, repairing, and supporting computers as well as related services and products (Kapuscinski Zhang et al., 2004). The firm uses the firms surname, Michael Dell, who started it on May 1 1984. It is among the largest technological corporations throughout the world and employs over one hundred and three thousand people worldwide. Types of Inventories Managed and Essential CharacteristicsIn 2001, Dell computers achieved the worlds largest personal vendor manufacturer with a market share growing in s struggling industry. Inventory is marked as an asset in the companys statements although it could prove detrimental if not kept in check. The company had earlier changed its inventory management system to a built-to-order system meant it eliminated the interm ediaries and dealt directly with its customers. Customers can order products according to their specifications and still receive add-on products and services. Through media such as the internet, Dell can reach its customers most efficiently. The manufacturer relies on outside suppliers for components it uses in its PCs. Such components include CD-ROM drives, disk drives, add-on cards, semiconductors, keyboards, monitors, speakers, and mice. Other inventories, the company keeps, include standard and specialized software for its clients. Dell relies on partners such Unisys, IBM, and Wang for services such as installations, system integration, repairs, and consultancy. Because of its built-to-order inventory management system, Dell rarely keeps large amounts inventories of finished products. The manufacturing arm of the company notifies suppliers to supply components when an order is received from a customer. Dell requires all its suppliers to be ready for orders of raw materials at an y time. It believes in control of the volumes of inventory to the extent of not storing any raw materials for manufacture. This is a strategy aimed at eliminating the chances of ending up with obsolete stock and making losses in the process. Dell has built an efficient and strong sales channel for its products. It developed a strategy to eliminate intermediate distributors by selling its computers directly to the consumer through the internet and media. This lowers the price of its products and increases the companys competitive edge.The elimination of intermediate distributors helped in simplifying the supply chain making it easy to control (Burja BURJA, 2010). Dell Inc.s inventory of assemble computers has always been significantly lower than its competitors. Low inventory helps the company to incur low costs of maintenance, as well as lower risks of impairing inventory. The overall effect is a significant contribution to the financial performance of the firm. The companys effect ive and smart inventory management strategy keeps it competitive despite the minimal expenditure on research and development as compared to other companies.Integration of Goods and Services Design Concept Dell uses the just-in-time (JIT) practice to manufacture products for its customers. The trucks from suppliers carrying vendor parts pull up to the manufacturing plants and unload into bins used to build customer orders directly. The vendor parts do not become Dells properties until they are unloaded into the bins. Another strategy the manufacturer deploys in the integration of goods and services concepts is emphasizing on information systems. This allows for quick routing of orders to the next business process to eliminate delays, backlogs, and losses. Through fast movement of inventory in the business process cycle, Dell is able to eliminate unnecessary warehouse costs and obsolete goods. The manufacturer is able to deliver to the customer a desktop computer designed to his or he r liking within 3 days of placing an order. Customers can call Dell Company directly and receive a computer on time. Dell was able to grow into $12 billion Company in just 13 years. Since its establishment, the firm has sought to eliminate distribution channels. The company builds finished goods after receiving customers orders, therefore, eliminating the risks associated with carrying large inventories. The direct business model allowed the company to receive vital customer feedback to optimize on value. The company then integrated this information collected with superior technology to build infrastructure that revolutionized business models in the industry. Dell was able to achieve virtual integration of its various stakeholders such as suppliers, customers, and manufacturing units. Technology enables coordination among company units to achieve efficiency and productivity. Virtual integration offers an advantage over vertical integration because of its flexibility, focus, and spec ialization. Role of Inventory in Companys Performance, Operational Efficiency, and Customer Satisfaction The built-to-order strategy has improved operational efficiency at Dell Company because of its focus on real demand rather just manufacturing. The build-to-order provides a series of advantage over its competitors. Firstly, low cost of maintaining inventory. The company was able to eliminate unnecessary costs associated with storing inventory before it goes into the manufacturing process. The second advantage was the elimination of dealer costs. The final advantage was use of current technology in its products and systems. The online order status system used by Dell enables clients to trail their orders all through the business process. The configuration of the system to the internet enabled full-blown electronic commerce. Through the online systems, Dell customers have the chance to choose the design they want and the firm only manufacturers what the customers need. Through the inventory systems, factory inventory is at most kept for 3 days, receiving support from suppliers who deliver in small quantities, but more frequently than in the traditional models. Downstream inventory for Dell is zero since products and systems are delivered to customers once they are finished. The result is no one in the stream was remaining with inventory for more than 7 days unlike in the traditional model where the average is 60 days (Wang, 2012).Inventory management at Dell follows the zero inventory strategy (Kapuscinski Zhang et al., 2004). Its computer sales follow this system in selling Dell PCs. The unique business model has proven successful for the multinational in the market place. The role of this strategy is to ensure no idle stock lies in inventory and no clearance of inventory for new products. The result is up to date products and services that enhance customer satisfaction. The consumers get the goods straight from manufacture without having to receive old inventory first which undergoes depreciation at a rate of 1% every week it stays in the Dell warehouse. Dell has seen success in developing a suitable system of supply chain management. The zero inventory strategy has increased the corporations profit margins by a great deal. The other result of the revolutionary and unique system at Dell is high quality products, which attracts more satisfied customers and giving the company an excellent supply chain management (Wang, 2012).Four Different Types of Layout in Dell Company The four layouts found in Dell Company include office layouts, process-oriented layouts, repetitive and product-oriented layout, and warehouse layout. The layout strategies aim at developing cost-effective layout, which conforms to the needs of the firm to achieve competitiveness. Some of the considerations, when choosing a layout are; the utilization of employees, space and equipment, flow of information, materials and people, customer interaction, employee morale and safety, and flexibility. Dells layouts are suitable to the firm because they consider the flow of information, space and capacity requirements, cost of moving from one work to another, and environment and aesthetics. The Dell office layouts positions employees, equipments, and spaces to optimize on flow of information. Warehouse layout, on the other hand, considers the space available and materials that need handling. Dells process-oriented layout handles the low-volume, but high-variety production. Two Metrics to Evaluate Supply Chain PerformanceThe supply chain metrics that Dell uses are; order and delivery, and service (Lambert Pohlen, 2001). The fact that Dell Inc. maintains a zero inventory means that the corporation has to track the real-time status of all orders. These should be further categorized based on action taken, which may be shipped or on hold. Dell maintains information about customer orders, needs, and forecasts. Through the information, the manufacturing pl ... Inventory Management Dell Company Essay - 1650 Words Inventory Management: Dell Company (Essay Sample) Content: Inventory ManagementNameInstitutionIntroduction Dell Inc. is a computer technology company privately owned and based in Round Rock, Texas, in the United States. This multinational company is engaged in developing, selling, repairing, and supporting computers as well as related services and products (Kapuscinski Zhang et al., 2004). The firm uses the firms surname, Michael Dell, who started it on May 1 1984. It is among the largest technological corporations throughout the world and employs over one hundred and three thousand people worldwide. Types of Inventories Managed and Essential CharacteristicsIn 2001, Dell computers achieved the worlds largest personal vendor manufacturer with a market share growing in s struggling industry. Inventory is marked as an asset in the companys statements although it could prove detrimental if not kept in check. The company had earlier changed its inventory management system to a built-to-order system meant it eliminated the interm ediaries and dealt directly with its customers. Customers can order products according to their specifications and still receive add-on products and services. Through media such as the internet, Dell can reach its customers most efficiently. The manufacturer relies on outside suppliers for components it uses in its PCs. Such components include CD-ROM drives, disk drives, add-on cards, semiconductors, keyboards, monitors, speakers, and mice. Other inventories, the company keeps, include standard and specialized software for its clients. Dell relies on partners such Unisys, IBM, and Wang for services such as installations, system integration, repairs, and consultancy. Because of its built-to-order inventory management system, Dell rarely keeps large amounts inventories of finished products. The manufacturing arm of the company notifies suppliers to supply components when an order is received from a customer. Dell requires all its suppliers to be ready for orders of raw materials at an y time. It believes in control of the volumes of inventory to the extent of not storing any raw materials for manufacture. This is a strategy aimed at eliminating the chances of ending up with obsolete stock and making losses in the process. Dell has built an efficient and strong sales channel for its products. It developed a strategy to eliminate intermediate distributors by selling its computers directly to the consumer through the internet and media. This lowers the price of its products and increases the companys competitive edge.The elimination of intermediate distributors helped in simplifying the supply chain making it easy to control (Burja BURJA, 2010). Dell Inc.s inventory of assemble computers has always been significantly lower than its competitors. Low inventory helps the company to incur low costs of maintenance, as well as lower risks of impairing inventory. The overall effect is a significant contribution to the financial performance of the firm. The companys effect ive and smart inventory management strategy keeps it competitive despite the minimal expenditure on research and development as compared to other companies.Integration of Goods and Services Design Concept Dell uses the just-in-time (JIT) practice to manufacture products for its customers. The trucks from suppliers carrying vendor parts pull up to the manufacturing plants and unload into bins used to build customer orders directly. The vendor parts do not become Dells properties until they are unloaded into the bins. Another strategy the manufacturer deploys in the integration of goods and services concepts is emphasizing on information systems. This allows for quick routing of orders to the next business process to eliminate delays, backlogs, and losses. Through fast movement of inventory in the business process cycle, Dell is able to eliminate unnecessary warehouse costs and obsolete goods. The manufacturer is able to deliver to the customer a desktop computer designed to his or he r liking within 3 days of placing an order. Customers can call Dell Company directly and receive a computer on time. Dell was able to grow into $12 billion Company in just 13 years. Since its establishment, the firm has sought to eliminate distribution channels. The company builds finished goods after receiving customers orders, therefore, eliminating the risks associated with carrying large inventories. The direct business model allowed the company to receive vital customer feedback to optimize on value. The company then integrated this information collected with superior technology to build infrastructure that revolutionized business models in the industry. Dell was able to achieve virtual integration of its various stakeholders such as suppliers, customers, and manufacturing units. Technology enables coordination among company units to achieve efficiency and productivity. Virtual integration offers an advantage over vertical integration because of its flexibility, focus, and spec ialization. Role of Inventory in Companys Performance, Operational Efficiency, and Customer Satisfaction The built-to-order strategy has improved operational efficiency at Dell Company because of its focus on real demand rather just manufacturing. The build-to-order provides a series of advantage over its competitors. Firstly, low cost of maintaining inventory. The company was able to eliminate unnecessary costs associated with storing inventory before it goes into the manufacturing process. The second advantage was the elimination of dealer costs. The final advantage was use of current technology in its products and systems. The online order status system used by Dell enables clients to trail their orders all through the business process. The configuration of the system to the internet enabled full-blown electronic commerce. Through the online systems, Dell customers have the chance to choose the design they want and the firm only manufacturers what the customers need. Through the inventory systems, factory inventory is at most kept for 3 days, receiving support from suppliers who deliver in small quantities, but more frequently than in the traditional models. Downstream inventory for Dell is zero since products and systems are delivered to customers once they are finished. The result is no one in the stream was remaining with inventory for more than 7 days unlike in the traditional model where the average is 60 days (Wang, 2012).Inventory management at Dell follows the zero inventory strategy (Kapuscinski Zhang et al., 2004). Its computer sales follow this system in selling Dell PCs. The unique business model has proven successful for the multinational in the market place. The role of this strategy is to ensure no idle stock lies in inventory and no clearance of inventory for new products. The result is up to date products and services that enhance customer satisfaction. The consumers get the goods straight from manufacture without having to receive old inventory first which undergoes depreciation at a rate of 1% every week it stays in the Dell warehouse. Dell has seen success in developing a suitable system of supply chain management. The zero inventory strategy has increased the corporations profit margins by a great deal. The other result of the revolutionary and unique system at Dell is high quality products, which attracts more satisfied customers and giving the company an excellent supply chain management (Wang, 2012).Four Different Types of Layout in Dell Company The four layouts found in Dell Company include office layouts, process-oriented layouts, repetitive and product-oriented layout, and warehouse layout. The layout strategies aim at developing cost-effective layout, which conforms to the needs of the firm to achieve competitiveness. Some of the considerations, when choosing a layout are; the utilization of employees, space and equipment, flow of information, materials and people, customer interaction, employee morale and safety, and flexibility. Dells layouts are suitable to the firm because they consider the flow of information, space and capacity requirements, cost of moving from one work to another, and environment and aesthetics. The Dell office layouts positions employees, equipments, and spaces to optimize on flow of information. Warehouse layout, on the other hand, considers the space available and materials that need handling. Dells process-oriented layout handles the low-volume, but high-variety production. Two Metrics to Evaluate Supply Chain PerformanceThe supply chain metrics that Dell uses are; order and delivery, and service (Lambert Pohlen, 2001). The fact that Dell Inc. maintains a zero inventory means that the corporation has to track the real-time status of all orders. These should be further categorized based on action taken, which may be shipped or on hold. Dell maintains information about customer orders, needs, and forecasts. Through the information, the manufacturing pl ...

Emotional Expression Online - Free Essay Example

The Destruction Of Human Civilization Essay - 1909 Words

The Destruction of Human Civilization Doomsday is defined as the day where the world will come to an end and people will face God on Judgment Day. Many people are fascinated by the notion that Doomsday will eventually happen soon, but there’s always a miscalculation when it comes to predicting as when the world will end. World War II is the most significant period in the twentieth century because technology, civil rights movement in the U.S, and the ability to explore outer space took a huge leap of fascination around the world. The two powerful allies emerged during World War II as to begin a Cold War with each other that defined the twentieth century. The idea that the world will come to an end by a nuclear war based on previous events from World War II that can potentially one day happen again because of historical evidence from the Cold War that wiped out two major cities in Japan, scientific evidence of a secret nuclear weapon written in India’s ancient epics, and the production of radiation smoke that builds up over time can slowly kill humans. Zombies are dead corpse that is revived by a virus. The myth of zombies originated from Haiti in 1626 to 1800s, as an image of inhumanity where slaves were treated ruthlessly. In the Haitian religion, slaves believed that dying was a way for them to return to Guinea, where they are free from torture in the afterlife. Under the ruled by Saint-Domingue in France when African slaves to work in the sugar plantation. Slaves whoShow MoreRelatedTechnology Is The Blame For The World Ending1467 Words   |  6 PagesTechnology is accelerating so rapidly in the 21st century it will either steer civilization into a revolutionary futuristic era or send it into a post-apocalyptic armageddon. The distress and anxiety of the world ending influenced writers of the 1950’s who were surrounded by threats of nuclear weapon testing and radioactive fallout from the sky polluting the environment. These authors envisi oned their perspective of what the world would be like after everything was destroyed, technology was goneRead More Psychoanalysis of Fight Club Using Freudian Concepts Essay1686 Words   |  7 Pagesthe ideas of civilization and the human aggressive instincts portrayed in the movie characterize reality. 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This can be seen explicitly with the creature (Frankenstein) and the boy (The Road). Both novels address the civilized and uncivilized in different approaches, however simil arly emphasize the significance of the character’s traits and development. The waysRead MoreWhat Does It Mean to Say That Lord of the Flies Is an Allegorical Novel? Discuss Its Important Symbols.1139 Words   |  5 Pagessettings, objects and events that symbolise ideas much deeper than what is first perceived. It is these important symbols that make Lord of the Flies an allegorical novel. It is the constant struggle to maintain civilization and resist complying with the savage urges that rages within each human individual that plays a central theme throughout the novel. 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But when Piggy is crushed by the boulder and his specs are destroyed, it represents the total destruction of their civilization and the boys fall intoRead MoreMichelle Duan Mrs. MJ English 10 H, per. 3 13 February 2014 A Symbol’s Worth a Thousand1500 Words   |  6 Pagesuses a variety of objects to convey their descent from civilization into brutality, violence, and savagery. Of these objects, three hold particular significance. In Lord of the Flies, Golding uses the conch, the signal fire, and the Lord of the Flies to symbolize civilization, hope for rescue, and inner evil while conveying an overall theme of innate human evil. Using plot and characters, Golding depicts the conch as a symbol of civilization, democracy, and law and order. As a tool used to summonRead MoreThe Myth Of A Myth1612 Words   |  7 Pagesbased on truth that is lost over time (Myths and Legends†). There are so many different civilizations all around the world each one with their own myths. 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Building the Erie Canal - 19th Century History

Alzheimers Disease Essay - 1235 Words

Alzheimer’s Disease is an irreversible, genetically linked illness. This disease was chosen for the topic of this essay under the consideration that in many families the illness can be incredibly tragic, passing down for generations without mercy. It is not rare to encounter families in which each member is afflicted with a form, mild or severe, of Alzheimer’s. The disease is a progressive brain disease which comes in two separate types: Early-Onset Alzheimer’s Disease and Late-Onset Alzheimer’s Disease. These will be discussed in full later on in the paper. The symptoms of Alzheimer’s are extremely detrimental to the individual whom it affects, as the disease attacks the brain cells and their connections. As the illness progresses, many†¦show more content†¦At this point, coordination is at a point where falls are often major risks, and considering many cases of the disease occur in the elderly, this can become a fatal risk. Close relatives are soon to become unrecognizable and the long term memory of the individual begins to fade as the disease worsens. It is often that at this point of the disease, the patient is put into a care center, as they may become a burden to the family members around them. Emotions swing and become entirely unpredictable and often resistance to care will occur as the patients lose awareness of their condition and become confused with their surroundings. In advanced stages, loss of speech entirely can occur, though emotional signals can still be cognitive and recognizable. At this point, pertinent exhaustion and apathy are presented as the patient loses the ability to perform the most simplest of tasks. Because the patient becomes bedridden at this point, they are completely dependent on the caregivers. Death usually occurs at this point, not directly due to the disease, but from outside sources such as pneumonia. The first of the two types of the disease, Early-Onset Alzheimer’s Disease, is much more rare than its counterpart. Less than five percent of all people living with Alzheimer’s disease have this version. The demographic which it affects is between the ages of thirty and sixty. As this is a genetic disease, this version ofShow MoreRelatedAlzheimers Disease945 Words   |  4 PagesAlzheimer’s Disease Alzheimer’s Disease is a progressive neurological disease; it often attacks the brain tissues causing memory loss of one’s identity and regular behaviors. Statistics indicates that the rate of predicted people to get Alzheimer’s will increase briskly as time goes on. There are currently no cures for such disastrous disease, but there are currently approved treatments available that can help people within the early stages of Alzheimer’s. Once the disease is too far alongRead MoreAlzheimers Disease3170 Words   |  13 PagesThe Role of Caregiving to Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease Megan Zann April 27, 2012 Health Psychology Dr. Ackerman Introduction It is normal to periodically forget your keys or a homework assignment, because you generally remember these things later. However, individuals who suffer from Alzheimer’s disease may forget things more often, but they do not remember them again. The incidence of Alzheimer’s disease has dramatically increased because people are living longer. This is a result ofRead MoreEssay on Alzheimers Disease1503 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Alzheimer’s disease is a form of dementia that gets worse over time. It leads to nerve cell death, and tissue loss throughout the brain. Over time, the brain shrinks dramatically, affecting nearly all its functions. 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Well, I work in a nursing home with the elderly with this diseaseRead MoreAlzheimers Disease Essay2168 Words   |  9 PagesAlzheimer’s disease or AD is an incurable disorder of the brain that results in loss of normal brain structure and function. In an AD brain, normal brain tissue is slowly replaced by structures called plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. The plaques represent a naturally occurring sticky protein called beta amyloid and in an Alzheimer’s brain, sufferer’s tend to accumulate too much of this protein. Neurofibrillary tangles represent collapsed tau proteins which, in a normal brain along with microtubulesRead MoreEssay on Alzheimers Disease 512 Words   |  3 Pagesmajor medical advancements like the world has never seen before, some diseases still continue t o plague the human race and confuse even some of the brightest scientists today. Unfortunately, Alzheimer Disease (AD) is one of them and it affects between 2.4 and 4.5 million people in America. 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Structuralism In Macbeth - 1232 Words

Introduction Shakespeare s play Macbeth follows the downfall of an already great hero Macbeth, a valiant warrior, who allows himself to be so intoxicated in his own ambition that he descends into a mad and thoughtless killer. Character archetype, Hamartia As a character archetype Macbeth is a tragic hero, in the play he is both a protagonist and an antagonist. His hamartia, tragic flaw, is his ambition and greed for power. Macbeth is consciously aware of his actions and the consequences to follow even before the murder of King Duncan. He expresses his self awareness throughout the play and most significantly in Act1 Scene 7 when he is onstage alone with the audience and admits in his soliloquy that killing King Duncan will not make him†¦show more content†¦Throughout the play dramatic irony is delivered through juxtapositions and metaphors. Because the play is short, the storyline is fast paced and in order to progress the plot in a sequential order the characters must interact and converse with each other under a sense of urgency. Aristotle s rules for a tragedy Aristotle s rules for a tragedy state: the protagonist, Macbeth, must fall from power to intense misery; the protagonist must then commit an act which holds them responsible for their own death. The play fits the description of Aristotle s rules however in Act 1 Scene 7 where Macbeth exposes his weakness on stage through his soliloquy the play no longer takes the course of a classic tragic structure. He is aware of his hamartia and they play can t be about his self discovery. This increased self awareness assures the audience that Macbeth knows he s done wrong, and knows he will do more wrong. Throughout the play Macbeth is forced to confront the fact that since he can t go back in time and undo what he has done, he must carry on. Rather than antagonizing Macbeth, Shakespeare uses this particular soliloquy to offer the audience the opportunity to grasp the extent of the consequences of his actions, and to allow the audience to sympathize and pity the fear Macbeth has of his own demise. All tying back to the ambiguous universal theme of good and bad, fate and free will. Macbeth s character developmentShow MoreRelatedThe Treatment Of Women In Shakespeares Much Ado About Nothing1941 Words   |  8 Pagesto endorse a view of women s nature, as Terence Hawkes believed. This idea of going against the male grain of the play and abandoning the female nature, dominated by marriage and the prospect of children, draws comparisons to Lady Macbeth in the play, Macbeth. This comparison is also relevant when Beatrice exclaims, O God that I were a man! (Act 4:1), when confronted by her own conflicting emotions in her desire for Claudio to be killed. This idea of women becoming unsexed to commit acts

Organizational Economic System and Its International Trade

Question: 1. Describe these following terms- a. Different Types of Organizations b. Organization that Meet Objectives of Stakeholders c. Responsibilities of Organization 2. Describe these following terms- a. Economic System b.(i) Two Main forms of Economic Organization (ii) Fiscal Policy in Bank of England c. UK Competition Act 1988 3. Describe these following terms- a. MEMO b. Market Forces c. Cultural Factor 4. Describe these following terms- a. International Trade b. International Factor c. European Union Policy Answer: Task 1 A.Different Types of Organizations Organization is a criterion of division of functions and work within a company candistinguish the following types of organization (Diefenbach, 2011): 1. Functional organization. The company's activities are divided into function in specific directions / specialized divisions. Each direction focuses exclusively on business issues that fall within their area of competence (e.g. marketing department, administration department, etc.). For example, the company's marketing activities are handled by the marketing department, the accounting and administrative management of the administrative and financial, etc. 2. Divisional organization. The business activities are divided into product or market specific divisions within which work is organized in a functional way. Each direction integrates itself a functional organization (accounting, marketing, research, etc.) Distinct from the others. 3. Matrix organization. It is a hybrid organization that integrates both the functional division that the divisional. The company functions are divided into specific functional directions as in the case of the functional organization. In place of the divisions they are appointed project managers with the task of coordinating and follow every aspect of the product / service expertise. In the matrix structure project manager coordinates every aspect of aproduct, a market or a sector business of the company. The project manager interacts with the functional divisions for everything related to their project. A difference in the organization of the organization divisional matrix does not show duplication of functional offices for each product / service. All types of business organizations are based on a'hierarchical organization that is on the respect of the principle of hierarchy under which corporate objectives and responsibilities are divided from the top (top management) to bottom (divisions / departments). Each business objective is broken down into sub-objectives and assigned to units of ' company based on the criterion of specialization and division of labor. As you go down the hierarchical ladder you go from work coordination (director, painting, etc.) To the operational work (employee, worker, etc.). Each business unit is responsible for the achievement of the objective or not assigned to the hierarchical superior (Diefenbach, 2011). Organization Factors B.Organization that Meet Objectives of Stakeholders Division Organization meet all the objectives of stakeholders, in the divisional structure, however, the company is "segmented" internally according to a size of the business, for example, for line of product / service or by the market. Each division, typically, has within it a functional structure, therefore some functions can be duplicated from one division to another, and can be centrally maintained some functions "not specific" such as administration and information systems. The main advantage of these structures is the ability to generate a form of internal competition between comparable units, which facilitates performance especially in contexts where the business presents strong elements of diversification. In this case, moreover, the efficiency of a functional structure would be put at risk by a complexity too high. In divisional structure, the organization works with structural divisions created based on criteria essentially attributable to products, markets and geographic countries (Diefenbach, 2011). The divisional structure for markets operates according to different markets, we finally the divisional structure by geographic area (for example: Europe, North America, etc.). A divisional organizational structure provides the possibility of separating business sectors too broad, especially for companies of a certain size. These groups or divisions are largely self-managed and focused on a limited aspect relating to products or services or to individual markets and countries. Unlike a functional structure, organized by departments, the divisional structure makes the individual more autonomous divisions, each with inside the manager with decision-making power that allows, often in complete autonomy to manage their own recruitment, budget, advertising, etc. The divisional structure meet all the objective of the stakeholders in of the organization (Diefenbach, 2011). Division Organization illustrates the following, i. The possibility for a single team to focus on a single product or service or a single line of products and services ii. There is an internal structure that supports the main strategic objectives and decision-making power. iii. The attention of a division can build a common culture and an esprit de corps that helps to lift the morale of those who work there. Organization Structure C.Responsibilities of Organization According to the Decree. N. 231/2001, the company is responsible for offenses committed in its interest or to its advantage: i. By "persons in positions of representation , of administration or management of the entity or one of its organizational units with financial and functional autonomy as well as persons who exercise, even de facto, managing and controlling the company. ii. By individuals who are managed or supervised by an individual in a top position (individuals under the so-called). iii. Increase the culture of responsibility among businesses, citizens and the local communities; iv. Supporting businesses that adopt CSR; v. Contribute to the strengthening of market incentives for CSR; vi. Promote initiatives of social enterprises and third sector organizations, active citizenship and civil society; vii. Promote transparency and disclosure of economic, financial, social and environmental; viii. Promote CSR through the tools recognized internationally and international cooperation. If the conditions for the application of a disqualification that interrupts the business of the court , in applying the sanctions, has the continuation of the business of part of a commissioner for a period equal to the duration of the disqualification that would be applied, if at least one of the following conditions: i. The entity carries out a public service or a service of public necessity the interruption of which may cause serious injury to collectivity; ii. The interruption of the entity may cause, taking into account its size and economic conditions of the area where it is located, a major impact on employment. Task 2 A.Economic System An economic system can be defined as the way political, social and economic by which a society be organized. Encompasses the type of ownership, management of the economy, the circulation processes of goods, consumption and levels of technological development and division of labor. In accordance with its definition, the basic elements of an economic system are (Dunning, 2014): i. The productive resources stocks or production factors, which are human resources (labor and entrepreneurship), capital, land, nature reserves and the technology. ii. The complex production units, which comprise the company. iii. The set of political, legal, economic and social, which form the basis of social organization. Economic system is the way society is organized, seeking to solve their problems of production, circulation and distribution of wealth. Regardless of the form of organization of society (Dunning, 2014). B.(i)Two Main forms of Economic Organization There are two main forms of economic organization: i. Market economy (or decentralized capitalist type) ii. Planned economy (or centralized, socialist type). The countries are organized on these two forms, or have some intermediate system between them. These differences or similarities in the overall functioning of the economy are explained by economists, who use the concept of economic system. Below, we detail these systems (Dunning, 2014).The economic system is the structure of production, allocation of funds, distribution and consumption of goods and services in an economy. A system of economic problems such as the shortage by allocating limited resources and products. The idea of an economic system carries with it the connotation of harmonized functionally articulated to achieve collective goals certain parts. During the joint parts, each society tries to solve the fundamental economic problem is the satisfaction of basic needs. In fact, the economic system does not present homogeneously, in order to observe contrasting shapes on the same social totality. Thus, in the most advanced capitalist persist craft forms of pre-capitalist production. Also in the socialist countries co-exist state ownership, cooperative ownership and the small and medium private rural property. Some scholars defend the thesis that, historically, the current economic system (capitalism and socialism) walked for an approach towards industrialized societies and bureaucratically managed centrally (Dunning, 2014). (ii)Fiscal Policy in Bank of England According to Governor Carney unlike the United States and Britain the euro zone countries are sinking deeper into the debt trap, because of a poor financial integration that makes it a little stronger EU fiscal policy. If the euro zone does not loosen the strict austerity policies on budgets and not making rapid progress towards fiscal union can transfer resources from rich countries to poor ones, the debt trap it ended could undermine progress made in these years. Governor of the Bank of England, in a speech at a conference in Dublin reported by British newspaper that they are launching a strong attack against austerity promoted in the countries of the euro zone if the Eurozone were a single country, fiscal policy would be much more effective (Dunning, 2014). Unfortunately instead Europe is not yet equipped with effective mechanisms to share risk and is relatively inflexible. Failure to complete the process of integration and restrictive fiscal policies are likely to plunge further into the debt trap of the 18 Member States holding the single currency. Since there was the financial crisis all major advanced economies have fallen into a debt trap, where low growth weigh down the debt burden, inducing the private sector to further cut spending, that when the economic weakness continues over time and is likely to damage the chances of recovery of these economies because of the capital and skills atrophy. The workers get discouraged and drop out of the workforce. Despite the difficulties, some countries, including the US and UK, are abandoning the liquidity trap. Other countries in the euro area are rather sinking in it. In order for monetary union to succeed is required at least a degree of financial risk-sharing among members. Therefore, the answer is to build institutions of risk sharing i.e. carry out all integration and financial arrangements for the definition of a common tax system (Dunning, 2014). Fiscal and Monetary Policy C.UK Competition Act 1988 UK Competition Act of Business 1988, is a competition law along with the Enterprise Act 2002. It is basically the framework to identify the restricted business in market. The target of this act was to harmonize UK and EU policy of competition. Chapter 1 and 2 reflect the complete structure of the framework. Chapter 1 It deals with restricted practices that are being engaged by the operator of the company in UK for restriction and to avoid the competition. There are horizontal agreements that are between the level of supply chain likewise consumer and supplier. These agreements is limited to output, collusively share information, tender, fix prices collectively. Exclusions from restriction are accessible if the firm can exhibit that these practices are in light of a legitimate concern for the customer through expanding business sector efficiencies or propelling specialized advancement. Chapter 2 It manages the misuse of a predominant position by a firm who uses practices, for example, savage estimating, over the top costs, refusal to supply, vertical limitations and value segregation to amplify benefit, increase upper hand or generally confine rivalry. In exploring affirmed ruptures of section II a two-stage procedure is included. Firstly it must be distinguished if the firm really has an overwhelming business sector position. This should be possible through different focus files, for example, the Herfindahl- Hirchman Index (HHI). By and large if a firm is found to have a piece of the overall industry in abundance of 40% then it is viewed as a danger to rivalry. There are no exclusions to part II as by its extremely definition as "misuse" of a business sector position, one must be blameworthy of wrongdoing for the part to apply (Polak, 2013). Task 3 A.MEMO To XYZ From ABC Dated DD/MM/YYYY Market research is primarily concerned the study and analysis of the behavior expressed and decision making processes (motivation) of consumers in a market economy, or the definition of the structure of a market. They are a source of information for those who, within a ' company that produces goods or services, must take marketing decisions. Marketing research can be defined as studies to select all the relevant information used for decisions regarding the products, distribution, and effectiveness of advertising and promotional techniques and the evaluation of the overall position of the company (Polak, 2013). Market research aimed at a narrower scope of analysis, being rigidly connected to the identification of market information of a particular good. They are exploratory and are used to assess specific aspects of the market. The price analysis is primarily concerned - as part of the marketing research - the cognitive process that gives value to the product or service offered. In particular, this value can be expressed in absolute terms (considering, for example, if a price is perceived as expensive or cheap) or in relative terms (more or less expensive than competitors). In particular, highly developed is the research on the reactions of buying behavior in the face of price changes, known as price sensitivity (Polak, 2013). B.Market Forces Macroeconomics Macroeconomics is the study of economic activity as the majority of the country's total output, employment, finance and banking. Development International Trade Interest rate all that is wider than microeconomics. The economy in the majority of countries of the region to the global study on the overall productivity of the country. Or income, employment levels, consumer spending habits of households, imports, exports, trade balance and so on.Macroeconomics is a look at the economic aspect of the big picture. The whole country is looking. This person is responsible for ensuring this is the government. The government macroeconomic policy is aimed at two. i. The main variables in the macroeconomic level. ii. The economic environment is in a stable condition stable. There are many economic variables. It can be classified into the following four topics. i. Economic growth (Economic Growth) high and sustained demand. ii. Unemployment (Unemployment) require less. iii. Inflation (Inflation) need at least stable. It will help businesses make decisions more easily. iv. Balance (Balance of Payment) try not deficits. Technological evolution The process of technological evolution culminates with the ability to reach all the material values technologically possible and desirable by the mind of man. An economic implication of this idea is that the intellectual work will become more important than the physical work. The contracts and agreements relating to information will become increasingly common in the market economy. The emergence and spread of new types of institutions that have to do with the information, (e.g. universities, libraries, patent trade, etc.), Are a sign that a society is in a phase of technological evolution. Interestingly, all this highlights the importance of the debate on intellectual property within the decentralized distribution systems, as is the case today with the Internet, where the price of distribution of the information is going to zero, thanks to the invention tools more effective for the distribution of information, and with increasing amounts of information that are distributed to customers growing over time. Globalization Globalization is a process of interdependence economic, social, cultural, political and technological whose positive and negative effects have a global relevance, tending to even out the trade, culture, customs and thinking. Globalization is an economic process for which markets, production, consumption, and also ways of living and thinking become connected on a worldwide scale, thanks to a continuous flow of exchanges that makes them interdependent and tends to unify them. It is the result of a process that lasts a long time and over the last three decades has had a strong acceleration in conjunction with the third industrial revolution. The term "globalization" (new mintage), has been used by economists to refer mainly to the economic aspects of the relationship between people and companies multinationals. Market Forces Graph C.Cultural Factor Management The management is, strictly speaking, the set of actions to be taken to the ' company can pursue their aims in business planning and making choices concerning the relations between its constituents (people and technology). Management in this respect is therefore not synonymous with management, although in ordinary language the two concepts tend to overlap; on the other hand there is no doubt that management is one of the most important aspects of management. Intrapreneurship Business undertaking is the demonstration of acting like a business person while working inside of an extensive association. Enterprise endeavor is known as the act of a corporate administration style that incorporates danger taking and development approaches, and in addition the prize and motivational systems, that are all the more generally considered similar to the territory of business. Task 4 A.International Trade To develop the local economy, the public revenue. The well-being it is inevitable that countries will have to have contact with foreign economic transactions in various fields. Whether a trade or foreign investment because the market is considered to be an important source of income to the country. Therefore, UK is required to economic transactions to improve the domestic economy is growing. This transaction is an important economic aspects of international trade, which is vital to the economic development between countries in the following areas. i. It is a critical tool in creating economic growth for developing countries, especially in regard to exports, the economy has expanded, and with greater domestic demand are producing goods for export to the sale. More international and contributes to employment. ii. Resources are used wisely and efficiently, that is. With the use of domestic resources to produce their own right and can export to foreign countries by reducing the amount of goods that they do not feel down. The use of domestic resources fully and more effectively. iii. Make the domestic market is expanding due to increased domestic production, because trade between the two markets, the market is the domestic market and international market, which is good for the local people in the cause of employment. And contributes to rising national income. iv. The development of knowledge. Skills and technologies that have improved the development of domestic production. The need to use modern technology to use in their work. Which contributes to public knowledge. The ability to learn and developments in the use of tools to provide quality products to export to foreign competition. v. International Trade has made international capital flows from developed countries to developing countries. Especially in terms of international investment, that is. Enterprises must consider the location of establishment to close export markets to reduce production costs. B. International Factor Economic factors that Effect on 'EUR / USD Exchanging of the coupling the EUR/USD can frequently include seeing the distinctive adaptations of business news and different news that influence the change. The fundamental monetary discharges have tremendous impact on the heading of the conversion scale and are always observed by administrators to get signs about the bearing of coinage. Notwithstanding financing costs and vocation, other monetary discharges impact the rate EUR/USD. i. Gross Domestic Product - The annual change in value of all goods and services produced in an economy. ii. Trade Balance - The difference in value between imports and exports in an economy, a premium indicates a greater number of exports while the deficit indicates a greater number of imports. iii. Retail, Consumer Price Index and the Producer Price - All these indicators measure the inflation pressure in the economy and affect monetary policy and interest rates of the central bank of a country. iv. Sentimental indicators - Polls sentimental as the German ZEW Economic Sentiment and the University of Michigan Consumer Sentiment Indicator (Indicator of Consumer Sentiments University of Michigan) give traders indications on the overall perception of the strength of an economy and can significantly influence the market. v. Factors critical to the analysis EURO / DOLLAR also include international news. For example, the riots in Greece or a lowering of the US debt can have a significant effect on the exchange rate of the currency. UK GDP Rate C.European Union Policy Subsidizing of union strategy has conveyed advantages to a great many EU nationals, not just through the formation of occupations and the advancement of conditions helpful for development, additionally through venture for the modernization of framework, natural changes, business backing and instruction, preparing and enhancing the abilities of individuals. Examine the effect and aftereffects of attachment arrangement is of essential significance to guarantee its proceeding with achievement. With the end goal of straightforwardness and responsibility, it is vital that natives recognize what is accomplished with ventures of this arrangement. In this manner, additionally, you can gain from best practices from somewhere else and ceaselessly enhance projects and activities. The impact on business Support to business development: 230,000 SMEs received financial support (mainly grants but also loans and venture capital) and further 1.1 million have received advice and support for networking, they created approximately 1 000 000 EU jobs. Impact on the economy Income increasing rapidly in the poorest regions: Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita in the less developed regions of the EU (the so-called Objective 1 regions) increased from 66% of the EU25 average in 2000 to 71% in 2006. Impact on the environment Environmental improvements: cohesion policy has contributed significantly to ensuring that the regions comply with EU environmental standards. For example, 20 million more people are now served by modern water supply systems, while 23 million others have systems for wastewater treatment. Impact on transport infrastructure Modernization of transport links: Cohesion Policy has funded almost 4,700 km of motorway and 1,200 km of high-speed rail network. This means that 77% of the highways built in weights beneficiaries of cohesion policy, and nearly 56% of high-speed rail network has received co-financing of cohesion policy. References Diefenbach, T., Sillince, J. A. (2011). Formal and informal hierarchy in different types of organization. Organization Studies, 32(11), 1515-1537. https://oss.sagepub.com/content/32/11/1515.short Dunning, J. H. (2014). Economic analysis and multinational enterprise. Routledge. https://books.google.com.pk/books?hl=enlr=id=ux1IAwAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PP1 dq=economic+system+ukots=qz6JtkhA_Xsig=SZmB6_umcKg3WtEurrAqjHEFlF E#v=onepageqf=false Johnson, H. G. (2013). International Trade and Economic Growth (Collected Works of Harry Johnson): Studies in Pure Theory. Routledge. https://books.google.com.pk/books?hl=enlr=id=QTIAxxd54VsCoi=fndpg=PP1 dq=international+tradeots=8LP-CwEayMsig=RHwGWRPDKF0u1vBSKbSiQl_o0LQ#v=onepageq=international%2 0tradef=false McGovern, E. (2015). International trade regulation (Vol. 2). Globefield Press. https://books.google.com.pk/books?hl=enlr=id=3O8Oci9mZq4Coi=fndpg=PP1 dq=international+tradeots=OdOPn6-0txsig=XweeHy4RqWk46hbx2xbmU5G4x-I#v=onepageq=international%20tradef=false Polak, J. J. (2013). An international economic system (Vol. 7). Routledge. https://books.google.com/books?hl=enlr=id=2SdFAQAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PP1d q=economic+system+ukots=osWXBopxNfsig=ADWlCoZwi9Q8YQknfogPnGjRAh k#v=onepageq=economic%20system%20ukf=false Richardson, J., Mazey, S. (Eds.). (2015). European Union: power and policy-making. Routledge. https://books.google.com/books?hl=enlr=id=l0ihBgAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PP1dq= european+union+policyots=E7-jD0indzsig=X5C5UbkHBixe- du_hmBP8x2xOwI#v=onepageq=european%20union%20policyf=false

Brief History Of Library Automation 19301996 Essay free essay sample

Brief History Of Library Automation 1930-1996 Essay, Research Paper Brief History of Library Automation: 1930-1996An machine-controlled library is one where a computing machine system is used tomanage one or several of the library # 8217 ; s cardinal maps such asacquisitions, seriess control, cataloging, circulation and the publicaccess catalog. When researching the history of library mechanization, itis possible to return to past centuries when visionaries good beforethe computing machine age created devices to help with their book lendingsystems. Even as far back as 1588, the innovation of the French # 8220 ; BookWheel # 8221 ; allowed bookmans to revolve between books by stepping on a pedalthat turned a book tabular array. Another interesting illustration was the # 8220 ; BookIndicator # 8221 ; , developed by Albert Cotgreave in 1863. It housed miniaturebooks to stand for books in the library # 8217 ; s aggregation. The miniaturebooks were portion of a design that made it possible to find if abook was in, out or delinquent. These and many mo re illustrations of earlyingenuity in library systems exist, nevertheless, this paper will concentrate onthe more recent computing machine mechanization get downing in the early twentiethcentury. The Beginnings of Library Automation: 1930-1960It could be said that library mechanization development began in the1930 # 8217 ; s when punch card equipment was implemented for usage in librarycirculation and acquisitions. During the 30 # 8217 ; s and early 40 # 8217 ; s progresson computing machine systems was slow which is non surprising, given theDepression and World War II. In 1945, Vannevar Bush envisioned anautomated system that would hive away information, including books, personal records and articles. Bush ( 1945 ) wrote about a conjectural # 8221 ; memex # 8221 ; system which he described as a mechanical library that wouldallow a user to see stored information from several different accesspoints and expression at several points at the same time. His thoughts are wellknown as the footing for hypertext and mputers for their operations. Thefirst appeared at MIT, in 1957, with the development of COMIT, pull offing lingual calculations, natural linguistic communication and the ability tosearch for a peculiar twine of information. Librarians so movedbeyond a vision or thought for the usage of computing machines, given thetechnology, they were able brand great progresss in the usage of computersfor library systems. This lead to an detonation of library automationin the 60 # 8217 ; s and 70 # 8217 ; s. Library Automation Officially is Underway: 1960-1980The promotion of engineering lead to additions in the usage ofcomputers in libraries. In 1961, a important innovation by bothRobert Noyce of Intel and Jack Kirby of Texas Instruments, workingindependently, was the incorporate circuit. All the constituents of anelectronic circuit were placed onto a individual # 8220 ; bit # 8221 ; of Si. Thisinvention of the integrated circuit and freshly developed disc and tapestorage devices gave computing machines the velocity, storage and ability neededfor online synergistic processing and telecommunications. The new potency for computing machine usage guided one bibliothec to develop anew indexing technique. HP. Luhn, in 1961, used a computing machine to producethe # 8220 ; keyword in context # 8221 ; or KWIC index for articles looking inChemical Abstractions. Although keyword indexing was non new, it wasfound to be really suited for the computing machine as it was cheap andit presented multiple entree points. Through the usage of Luhn # 8217 ; s keywordindexing, it was found that bibliothecs had the ability to putcontrolled linguistic communication index footings on the computing machine. By the mid-60 # 8217 ; s, computing machines were being used for the production ofmachine clear catalog records by the Library of Congress. Between1965 and 1968, LOC began the MARC I project, followed rapidly by MARCII. MARC was designed as manner of # 8220 ; labeling # 8221 ; bibliographic records using3-digit Numberss to place Fieldss. For illustration, a ticket might bespeak # 8221 ; ISBN, # 8221 ; while another ticket indicates # 8220 ; publi cation day of the month, # 8221 ; and yetanother indicates # 8220 ; Library of Congress capable headers # 8221 ; and so on. In1974, the MARC II format became the footing of a standard incorporatedby NISO ( National Information Standards Organization ) . This was asignificant development because the criterions created meant that abibliographic record could be read and transferred by the computerbetween different library systems. ARPANET, a web established by the Defense Advanced ResearchProjects Agency in 1969 brought into being the usage of electronic mail, telnet and file transfer protocol. By 1980, a sub-net of ARPANET made MELVYL, theUniversity of California s online public entree catalog, available ona national degree. ARPANET, would go the paradigm for othernetworks such as CSNET, BITNET, and EDUCOM. These webs have almostdisappeared with the development of ARPANET to NSFNET which has becomethe present twenty-four hours Internet. During the 1970 # 8217 ; s the innovations o f the integrated computing machine chipand storage devices caused the usage of minicomputers and microcomputersto grow well. The usage of commercial systems for searchingreference databases ( such as DIALOG ) began. BALLOTS ( BibliographicalAutomation of Large Library Operations ) in the late 1970 # 8217 ; s was one ofthe foremost and subsequently became the foundation for RLIN ( the ResearchLibraries Information Network ) . BALLOTS was designed to integrateclosely with the proficient processing maps of the library andcontained four chief files: ( 1 ) Marc records from LOC ; ( 2 ) an in-processfile containing information on points in the processing phase ; ( 3 ) a catalog informations file incorporating an online record for each point ; and ( 4 ) a mention file. F urther, it contained a wide search retrievalcapability with the ability to search on truncated words, keywords,and LC subject headings, for example. OCLC, the On-line Computer Library Center began in 1967, chartered inthe state of Ohio. This significant project facilitated technicalprocessing in library systems when it started it’s first cooperativecataloging venture in 1970. It went on-line in 1971. Since that timeit has grown considerably, providing research and utihypermedia.In order to have automation, there must first be a computer. Thedevelopment of the computer progressed substantially from 1946 to1961, moving quickly though a succession of vacuum tubes, transistorsand finally to silicon chips. From 1946 to 1947 two significantcomputers were built. The ENIAC I (Electronic Numerical Integrator andCalculator) computer was developed by John Mauchly and J. PresperEckert at the University of Pennsylvania. It contained over 18,000vacuum tubes, weighed thirty tons and was ho used in two stories of abuilding. It was intended for use during World War II but was notcompleted in time. Instead, it was used to assist the development ofthe hydrogen bomb. Another computer, EDVAC, was designed to store twoprograms at once and switch between the sets of instructions. A majorbreakthrough occurred in 1947 when Bell Laboratories replaced vacuumtubes with the invention of the transistor. The transistors decreasedthe size of the computer, and at the same time increased the speed andcapacity. The UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer) became thefirst computer using transistors and was used at the U.S. Bureau ofthe Census from 1951 until 1963.Software development also was in progress during this time. Operating systems and programming languages were developed for thecomputers being built. Librarians needed text-based computerlanguages, different from the first numerical languages invented forthe number crunching â€Å"monster computers†, in order to be able to u secolities designed to provide users with the ability to accessbibliographic records, scientific and literary information whichcontinues to the present .Library Automation 1980-presentThe 70’s were the era of the dummy terminal that were used to gainaccess to mainframe on-line databases. The 80’s gave birth to a newrevolution. The size of computers decreased, at the same time,technology provided faster chips, additional RAM and greater storagecapacity. The use of microcomputers during the 1980’s expandedtremendously into the homes, schools, libraries and offices of manyAmericans. The microcomputer of the 80’s became a useful tool forlibrarians who put to them to use for everything from word processingto reference, circulation and serials.On-line Public Access Catalogs began to be used extensively the1980’s. Libraries started to set-up and purchase their own computersystems as well as connect with other established library networks. Many of these we re not developed by the librarians themselves, but byvendors who supplied libraries with systems for everything fromcataloging to circulation. One such on-line catalog system is the CARL(Colorado Alliance of Research Libraries) system. Various othersoftware became available to librarians, such as spreadsheets anddatabases for help in library administration and informationdissemination.The introduction of CD-ROMs in the late 80 s has changed the waylibraries operate. CD-ROMs became available containing databases,software, and information previously only available through print,making the information more accessible. Connections to â€Å"outside†databases such as OCLC, DIALOG, and RLIN continued, however, in theearly 90’s the databases that were previously available on-line becameavailable on CD-ROM, either in parts or in their entirety. Librariescould then gain information through a variety of options.The nineties are giving rise to yet another era in libraryautomation. The use of networks for e-mail, ftp, telnet, Internet, andconnections to on-line commercial systems has grown. It is nowpossible for users to connect to the libraries from their home oroffice. The world wide web which had it’s official start date asApril of 1993 is becoming the fastest growing new provider ofinformation. It is also possible, to connect to international librarysystems and information through the Internet and with ever improvingtelecommunications. Expert systems and knowledge systems have becomeavailable in the 90 s as both software and hardware capabilities haveimproved. The technology used for the processing of information hasgrown considerably since the beginnings of the thirty ton computer. With the development of more advanced silicon computer chips, enlargedstorage space and faster, increased capacity telecommunication lines,the ability to quickly process, store, send and retrieve informationis causing the current information delivery services to flouris h. BibliographyBush, V. (1945).As we may think. Atlantic Monthly. 176(1), 101-8. Duval, B.K. Main, L. (1992). Automated Library Systems: A LibrariansGuide and Teaching Manual. London: MecklerNelson, N.M., (Ed.) (1990). Library Technology 1970-1990: Shaping theLibrary of the Future. Research Contributions from the 1990 Computersin Libraries Conference. London: Meckler. Pitkin, G.M. (Ed.) (1991). The Evolution of Library Automation:Management Issues and Future Perspectives. London: Meckler. Title:A Brief History of Library Automation: 1930-1996