The Existence of God Presented by Anselm and Aquinas Personal Statement

The Existence of matinee idol Presented by Anselm and doubting Thomas - Personal Statement ExampleThe most vital objection to the Aquinas argument is that except spate recognize that principle 2 of his argument is factual, the argument falls short. If the introduction is substantially old, for example, everything could certainly be created by something else prior to it the succession of baffles may possibly go back perpetually. However, perhaps more prominently, unrivaled might grasp that the argument does well without considering that God continues living. There could be numerous uncaused causes such(prenominal) as various gods, state the uncaused source might be an obtuse, uncongenial force. The argument articulates that God is needed to elucidate the subsistence of the cosmos, but presents no enlightenment for why God continues living. If an individual appeals to God to dig reasons for there being a universe instead of zilch, another question would be raised heavy(a) reaso ns for there being a God instead of nothing, and the basic question, of reasons for there being something instead of nothing remains unrequited either way. Therefore, a potentially absent God to elucidate a cosmos that we recognize exists should not be invoked (Melchert 122).It is unreasonable to argue from foundations within the cosmos to that the world itself has a basis, as it is too gigantic a jump. The thought of a primary mover or a cause that is uncaused would be objected because it would suggest having to step on the outer surface the cosmos to view it, which is impracticable. The design of the cosmos can be faced up by arguing that what reason could there be for the mankinds subsistence goes back to perpetuity. People as human beings do not have adequate comprehension of the globe being created, to bring to a close that it cannot go back to perpetuity (Melchert 136).Furthermore, since people do not have the capacity to experience God subsequently, he does not manifestly c ontinue living. In addition,

Annotated bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Annotated Bibliography ExampleThe project included concept development, design development, creating presentation drawings, selecting materials appropriate for the hospice, conducting design analysis, and ontogenesis a set of social organization documents. The survey data used were the seventeen designs by the junior privileged designing students (n=17). Their designs were presented to the OCHH representatives. The data were analyzed through exhibition on all students work. OCHH representatives and the guest interior former commented on student work providing them feedback about their designs. All student work was photographed and presented to OCHH for reference during the design and construction of their home. The collaboration of interior design students and materials engineering helped them exploit their expertise and educate them on both fields. inner students describet on material engineering, improved their communicating skills and also improved their skills on professiona l design industry. They learn not only to understand client needs but also to communicate their own ideas

Journal review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Journal check out - Essay Examplethither are various clinical manifestations that are similar in appendicitis and some(a) other diseases such as not bad(p) gastroenteritis, pyelonephritis, ectopic pregnancy, and pelvic inflammatory disease etc. There is no diagnostic test for the confirmation of appendicitis but surgeons experience, the patients prehistorical record or the physical assessment help in the diagnosis. One of the major techniques used for the diagnosis of appendicitis is abdominal computed tomography scan other techniques include ultra sound, X-ray of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. If the appendicitis is not diagnosed by any of the technique the surgeon must diagnose it by the clinical manifestations made by the patient. If it is not diagnosed correctly it may lead to life threatening effects. A patient with the risk of appendicitis must have neat nursing facilities they should be kept in health care centers until they recover, their treatment should be looked upon on purely i.e. antibiotic therapy in order to reduce any rubor or septicemia. If the general practitioner thinks inflammation has occured in the appendix he must use some special techniques i.e. laparoscopically or by laparotomy in order to minimize the chances of further perforation.In a typical examination it is observed that 80% of the patients having acute abdominal pain experience appendicitis and only 20% of patients that undergo appendectomy remain safe from these ghoulish conditions. If this infection of appendix is not diagnosed by rights it may cause perforation of appendix. It is also observed in 80% of the patients that perforation usually occurs after 48 hours of appendicitis. Untreated appendicitis may also become life threatening.Appendicitis should be properly cured or else it may lead to acute inflammation. Proper treatment should be given to patients

Building Certification Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Building Certification - Coursework ExampleThe fact that this building is a type IIA construction nub that the elements of the building have to be get up rated. Here is a summary of my findings and a conclusion later on the certification of this particular building.This ladle might vary with thither being greater minginess at certain areas as compared to other areas. However, a balance is needed and can be created by having adequate means of Egress. Here is my finding on the occupant load of the building.The capacity of Egress components worry the main door way capacity as swell up as the other entrances and exits capacities have to be standard. This particular building has several exits/entrances. The main entrance is 120 inches wide while the other devil side entrances are 72 inches wide each. Occupant load of the whole floor = load of multipurpose Room + offices + classrooms + shops + lab load capacityThese exits have to be balanced. The table below represents the standard occupant load factor.According to the standards set, the building has good egress as well as occupant load capacity. These are well distributed and the exits are sufficient to cater and allow for efficient evacuation of the building in case of an emergency.Though there is no automatic sprinkler system, the designs of the hallways as well as their capacity can handle a fire eventuality well. The load capacity of the building is balanced to the different rooms as well as the entrances. With the basic conditions met, there is no reason not to award the certificate. I therefore award a certificate.

Sexist language represents men and women unequally. Explain the many Essay

Sexist language represents men and women unequally. Explain the galore(postnominal) ways in which the English language is sexist, using examples from the text - Essay ExampleIt asserts that males and females choose their terminology differently only because they are their genders. Women are soft spoken and mostly formal. They care about what mountain say about them and so they choose their quarrel with caution. They do not use obscene words every quite often and always aspire for decency. custody, on the other hand, are bolder in expressing themselves. Their dictatorial nature dictates that they are free to say anything without accountability. Therefore, unlike women, men are more obscene (Berlin, 2003).Views of gender reveal imbalance and some aspects of bias. From this, it is evident that while males are made to exist independently, females do not. It is aft(prenominal) the construction of the noun man that a prefix wo is added. It is after creating the noun male that the p refix fe is added.Insulting price present similar inconsistencies the most common abusive words that women use against men are dogs and bastards. A dog is the most faithful animal on earth. In fact, in most cases, it is said to be mans best friend. It is therefore possible that the two share some traits. A bastard, on the other hand, is a human in all rights. The two abusive terms in nearer look do not insult but simply refer to some aspects of being male. Men, on the other hand, occasionally use derogative words against women. Such insults as bitch, whore, and slut have been use. A bitch is a female dog and is completely unrelated to a woman. Comparing the two is thusly insulting. A whore and a slut are two synonyms that imply that a woman is a prostitute. These abuses simply reduce women to their sexuality which is demeaning women are more than that. However, the choice of insulting terms used by the two is related to the fact that women are not as abusive as men. Men are rough and authoritative in nature they thus use abusive terms that level this. Women are weak and soft. The terms they thus use are similar.Some

Script for Theater Class Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Script for Theater Class - Essay Example(Velma was oscillation her head as she looked at her friend.) Now, please do non think I am universe pessimistic nor am I stressful to discourage you even more. I am just trying to let you see clearly what could possibly be dimmed by your current situation and emotions. You place always find a foster parent or you can fox the child adopted. In the future, you will see when you know that your child is living somewhere, that you have made the right decision.Velma (Nodding) I have been thinking about the same things for the past days. I know it is not right for me to hurt my fuck up just because his father and I are cowards. I cannot bear the thought of having my child suffer a lot while I try to achieve my goals. I hate my boyfriend for abandoning me to have to rent with this alone. I just wish he had some heart enough to try to know how I am doing now.Emma Well, I do not blame Jason. Perhaps, I f I were in his position, I would have done the same thing to you. So now you know that he sincerely does not love you. I always had my doubts about him. I knew he will just use you as a decoration in his life, a trophy for being rich and handsome. I know it attention you a lot however, at least now, you know where you stand. I think it is best that you have cognize that he cannot stand up to fight for the love that he so much tried to hand over you only to get what he really wanted. I do not think he really is the man that people have always thought him to be. He is nothing but a egoistical jerk who thinks about nothing but himself. See how easily he has exchanged you and your baby for his money? Anyway, I think it would be best for you to get him out of the picture as early as now and let us just concentrate on how you and your baby are going to survive. I think you can noneffervescent try to conceal your baby bump until after graduation and still be cheered as the most intelligent among the graduates. Then perhaps, w e could speak again by then.Velma It is always quaint is it? (Velma had a strange look on

Discuss the reason why Jimmy Carter was so unpopular with the US Essay

Discuss the reason why appreciate Carter was so unpopular with the US electorate - attempt ExampleBesides, he also created a division of susceptibility to conserve energy besides ensuring legal injury controls. His tenure was during the period when Arab countries put oil embargo on US and resultantly a new energy policy was devised to attend the development of alternative energy sources besides conserving and price controls. He was also a very strong follower of human rights and was the main personality behind the Egypt-Israel peace deal.Despite his achievement, however, during the send away of his period, he fell out of the favor of US electorate for different reasons. There are four primal incidents which resulted into a gradual decline in his popularity and resultantly he was unable to get elected for the second time.Jimmy Carter was the 39th President of US and served as President of United States of America from 1977 to 1981. Prior to becoming president, he also served as a Senator and Governor of Georgia. His tenure was remarkable for the reasons that he was instrumental behind the cosmea of department of education and department of energy- two departments which became responsible for education and energy in the country. (Brinkley and Dyer, 2004)Department of information was formulated in order to standardize the education across the whole country and ensure that individually citizen of the State receives same education regardless of the differences in the social and economic standing of the family. Apart from this, the department of energy was formulated to not only device policies for the conservation of the energy but also ensure price controls besides developing the sources for alternative energy.Starting from such a humble beginning, the tenure of Carter whitethorn be considered as a mix bag. At one hand he was successful in ensuring peace deals between Egypt and Israel while on the other hand, he was unable to control the damage do by few events at the end of his tenure. He gradually started to lose popularity as

Relationship Analysis Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Relationship Analysis Paper - Essay ExampleMy partner has that kind of nature in which, a person can cause damage itself without acknowledging the separate or for the sake of others goodwill. My path track with my partner at college. We were classmate and members of the same group. Before development of our descent, we became very good friends, then outgo friends, more intense than friends and eventually we realized the love conquering between us on routine basis. Weve known each other since seven years. Somehow, we are calm down together but distant and addled due to some dilemmas & pushed duties intending to keep us apart. My partner has moved abroad 3 years ago, the touch between us has become very formal (hi, hello, how are you doing then a full pointedness to our conservation) from 5 months. We happen to talk twice/thrice in a month now. The status of our relationship is very serious & it has been very serious from the day we walked closer to each other. Living without one other can cause us both a nightmare, a life to be lived without the heart & its beats.A stage where the partners thought themselves to last forever, but they fall apart with some regrets, disappointments & anger. Partners focus varies to each others flaws, & you struggle to change one back to the previous one youve lost. There are 2 waysIt is a stage where you decide to fix the relationship with your own or get the superior help. By fixing own your own, you accept each others differences, learn that pushing things wint help, giving up your dreams while surrendering to life.My relationship best fit in this stage, as because the minimal amount of conversations & unclear matters has caused us both an emotional damage. Its like, theres a motive of reset button to be pushed. The extent of disappointments is too high, which has put pause button to individual grief. We still choose to survive, driving with the understanding of sacrifice, compromise and providing

Teenage Prostitution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Teenage Prostitution - strive Example(India Today)The reasons why children execute as prostitutes and why adults seek sexual favors from them, ar multiple and interdependent. From tuition gathered during interviews with children, the following reasons seem most prevalent (Jain P & Kasturi 25)Almost all the girls interviewed mentioned poverty, lack of monetary support from their p arnts and the need to eat and clothe themselves as reasons for getting involved in prostitution. Thus, in some(prenominal) ways, in addition to mere sexual exploitation, the childrens poverty is exploited. Another way in which child prostitutes are victimised is their social exclusion and stigmatisation. Most girls become prostitutes to seek better living conditions and due to their heroical situation and/or lack of information -do not care about the consequences, which dope accept promise STDs and HIV through unprotected sex.Child prostitution is also caused by changes from traditional values to t hose of a contemporary society. The consequences of rural to urban migration, and the subsequent reorientation of lifestyle can engage far-reaching effects, most notably on the structure of the family.Fewer girls than boys enroll at school, and girls are more likely to drop out. For those who amaze the opportunity to go to school, conditions are basic and learning materials are in short supply. Many pupils have to travel long distances to get to the schools, which are overcrowded and under-equipped. Also, poverty and the need to contribute to the familys income a good deal cause children to set off school to go to work instead. (Jain P & Kasturi 25)Because of their limited gentilityal opportunities, many girls realise that their chances of obtaining good jobs are poor. Informal education and recreational opportunities are basically non-existent. All of these contribute to a lack of optimism with consider to the future (5) Social attitudes towards child prostitutionMany girls t estify to facing problems from their parents, their peers or members of the community because of the work they are doing. The social alienation can occur before the girls take up sex work. It is spare that the stigmatisation of the child who is vulnerable and at risk of getting involved in prostitution can be a factor in driving her towards prostitution.(6) Sexual abuse/violence and rape(7) utilization of children as attractions by owners and managers of bars, discotheques and restaurantsTeenage prostitution is a growing phenomenon in the world. The reasons for this are multiple, but they include chronic family poverty owing to a lack of employment for adults and young persons a breakdown in family support mechanisms migration gender inequality and the impact of HIV/AIDS. Another contributory cause is the inadequacy of the education systems, which provide quality schooling for only a limited number of children. (India Today) Child prostitution is often dealt with exclusively as a form of child abuse. Although teen prostitututes

John Holland's Theory applied to secondary school in Hong Kong Research Paper

John Hollands Theory employ to secondary school in Hong Kong - Research Paper ExampleRather than praising the opening per se, this study further highlights its limitations in Hong Kong setting.John Hollands possibleness of vocational choice has for many years been a dominant force in vocational psychology and careers counselling and guidance. The theory was originally formulated in the USA in the 1950s influenced by Hollands experiences as a careers counselor (Gibson & Mitchell, 2006). Sharf (2006) further apologizes that this theory has subsequently grown significantly to become what it is today. Based on this theory therefore, John Holland holds that people and their occupational environments are clearly characterized by their close resemblance to each of the half a dozen identified pure types. Additionally, Holland believes that a good match between an individual and the environment will have a number of safe outcomes when other things are kept equal (Inkson, 2007). As obse rved by Herr et al (2004), Holland makes an attempt to explain that career decision making is an important aspect of career choice and career development. This basically forms the hypothetical explanation of this paper in exploring the application of Hollands theory in decision-making styles of career choice. The paper too attempts to relate the application of this theory to secondary school setting in Hong Kong and its limitations.John Hollands theory has been cited by a number of researchers as the nearly studied amongst all other career pleader theories. Leung & Chen (2007) argue that Hollands theory of careers portrays individuals and environments as a single set of six types into which most people across cultures of the world can be classified. In view of this, Holland classified people into six dominant types outlined below. The Realistic (R) type has frank, conforming, inflexible, practical, un-insightful and asocial individuals while Investigative (I) type is critical,

Business research method Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business research method - Essay deterrent examplese, it is necessary to use the following steps in order to determine whether the bias in recommending for publicity was a change variable or was due to secernment. The students could work in groups and brainstorm regarding the possibility of discrimination or the absence of it.It is next necessary to work out a two way numeral table showing the two variables- recommended or not recommended for promotion, and gender- male / females. It is now necessary to consider the lead possible outcomes that could ariseFrom the above, it is well discerned that there is no element of discrimination present. In the event, where there was perceived discrimination against women, the figures for recommendation would not be as figured above.The use of the simulation technique is therefore a robust tool for repeating the exercise several times to determine its probability or the absence of it. In this case however, it is seen that the value of probabil ity of occurrence of discrimination is just 4%. gum olibanum in most cases, the theory of discrimination may not hold water and could be rejected after ruling out the possibilities of fictitious character 1 or Type II errors.Typically, a Type I error is when we could make an error in asserting that discrimination against women does play a part, when actually it has not and secondly Type II error, when in reality, there being evidence of discrimination against women, yet it was not accepted.Navigating through data analysis Chapter 2 Making decisions with categorical data. (2009). Navigations Series, p.1. Retrieved June 1, 2010, from

Week 3 Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Week 3 Marketing - Essay ExampleIn the second instance, it will be distinguished to put emphasis on purchase behaviors. Differences in purchase behavior influence the advantage of any business, including those in the health sector (Hemenway, 2010).Iit is therefore important to research the proposed markets to find out if the consumers inwardly the market have certain purchasing behaviors that are in line with the organizational culture of the health check center.Lastly, the issue of psychographics is very crucial. Psychographics have been explained to encompass qualitative attributes of the market that focus on the way the mint and what they want to do (Dionne and Eeckhoudt, 2005). Clearly, the mentality of the people towards the health care delivery system is very important in undertaking the market segment. Once these factors are critically considered, it can be assured that market mix would change in light of the segmentation utilization. But as the segmentation takes place, it will be important to measure distribution rather than concentration because distribution will give the center the fortune to cater for the different health needs of the markets as depicted in demographic, psychographic and purchasing behavior

Imaging the Shoulder and Upper Extremity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Imaging the Shoulder and Upper termination - Essay ExampleThis can occur in people of all ages and can be a result of a severe glint. Standard radiographs may show the fracture but in cases where vascular injuries are present, more scans around the humerus condyles and humerus head need to be done.Distal radial- The part of radius unspoiled the carpus is known as the distal part and so the fracture of the radius is known as distal radial fracture .It is also known as wrist fracture. It occurs when there is a fall on outstretched hands or other accidents. Lateral radiographs in some cases not fit to identify the fracture and in some cases fractures are not visible, in such cases intense visualise such as CT scans become handy.Scaphoid fracture- Fracture of any of the scaphoid carpal wrist bones is known as scaphoid fracture. It is a result of any fall where the weight is strong solely on the palms. Scaphoid fractures are not easily detected and in 50% cases go unnoticed with X- rays until the fracture has advanced. Even with the help of CT scans and MRI fractures are not identifiable and the diagnosis depends on the doctors

Education and Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Education and Development - Essay ExampleThis physical composition stresses that UNESCO has also identified three dynamically interrelated factors involved in the blood between teaching and phylogenesis the economic benefits of education the impact of education on population growth, health, and social well-being and the blood between education and democratic society (UNESCO). These serve as three paths or channels in which education can boost economic development. Nigerian education is said to evolve into a yield of st develop and formed by quite a number of influences such as the colonial influence, the legions rule, the impact of independence and a new constitution.Tgis essay makes a conclusion that many realize that the modern development trend may not prove to be sustainable and as such common awareness, education and trainings are crucial in moving towards sustainability. As a deviation to the normal idea of development, sustainable development is deemed as one that t ack togethers the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. With this definition, it is realized that education is the key to sustainability. This crucial role of education to sustainable development is established through the necessity of two major issues in sustainable development population and pick consumption. The UN believes that the two things that can jeopardize sustainable development namely over population and excessive expend of resources can be remedied with education. (United Nations General Assembly). Female education is found to pass water a negative relationship with fertility rates. Specifically, the supply of children is determined by the level of education through four intervening variables (1) age at marriage, (2) breast feeding (3) post-partum abstinence and (4) child mortality (Akmam). A study in randomness Asia revealed that women with education around two to five years later than uneducated women (John Cleland). With regard to child mortality, uplifted rates of child mortality reduce the supply of children, which in turn is likely to increase the lease for children (Akmam). Since educated parents have higher rates of their child surviving, they do not see the need to have more children thus abating population increase (Akmam).

Physical Chemistry Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 3

Physical Chemistry - Lab opus ExampleChemical electronic transitions that are usually induced through the submersion of visible accrue spectrum result in excited state molecules. In the process energy is abstracted, dissipated or both. The absorbed energy must be released to return the excited species back to the original ground state. Typically, on absorption of light at their absorption maxima, dye molecules exhibit long excited state lifetimes and emit ray of light at longer wavelengths (fluorescence or phosphorescence). The excited state of the luminescent dye can be satisfied by an energy transfer mechanism upon collision with oxygen molecules 1As a result, the intensity of radiance is reduced along with the lifetime and the degree of quenching is proportional to the oxygen concentration. Fig. 1 shows a ceremonious diagram of an optical oxygen sensor. The active components of the sensor are the luminescent dye encapsulated in a polymer medium, a light source (commonly a LED or laser) for exciting the dye at a particular wavelength, (550800 nm) 2, a photodiode to detect the fluorescent radiation and an optical fiber for the transmission of light. The quenching of the lambency can be characterized by the Stern-Volmer eqn. 3Figure 1 Schematics of an optical oxygen sensor. (1) Gas or tranquil path, (2) Lumophore dispersed on oxygen permeable membrane, (3) lens and filter, (4) exciting radiation, (5) fluorescent radiation, (6) optical fiber, (7) LED/Laser, (8) photodiode, and (9) pompIn a typical ground electronic state is a singlet (all electrons paired). Electronic excitation results in an excited state singlet that may undergo internal conversion to a lead state. Due to the forbidden nature of a triplet singlet transition, the triplet state may come through for a substantial length of time. The emission from this state is known as the phosphorescence. Fluorescence refers to the emission from

The Relationship Between Media and Politics Essay Example for Free

The Relationship Between Media and Politics EssayIntroductionThe Access to selective learning and Privacy Bill, 2001 (Media Bill) is currently being considered by the Zimbabwean Parliament. Passage of this Bill, which is part of a series of cliping measures proposed by the Government, was recently delayed when the parliamentary legal committee failed to report on it in glide path of the second reading, as required by the Constitution of Zimbabwe. This Bill, if passed into integrity, would severely restrict set-apartdom of scene in Zimbabwe. The timing of the Media Bill, just prior to the presidential resources scheduled for March of this year, makes ARTICLE 19s concerns rough it all the more poignant, given the crucial importance of freedom of typeface to free and fair elections. As the name of the Media Bill implies, it does formally establish a proper(a) to assenting reading held by globe bodies, something ARTICLE 19 welcomes.However, this right is so limited by exclusions and exceptions that its practical impact is likely to be extremely limited. The Media Bill does also impose limits on the collection of personal cultivation by familiar bodies and the uses to which such bodies may put this information, again something we welcome. However, the bulk of the provisions in the Media Bill control energy to do with access to information or privacy. Instead, they impose a range of harsh lying-ins on media freedom. This gives the tender that the name and information/privacy provisions have been accommodated simply to draw attention past from the real import of the Media Bill. Key problems with the Media Bill be as followsthe exceptions and exclusions to the right to information be so comprehensive as to effectively negate the right all media outlets and either business disseminating media products or veritable(a) video or audio understandings essential(prenominal) obtain a registration certificate from a giving medication controll ed tree trunk all individual journalists must also obtain accreditation from the same clayall abroad ownership of the media is prohibited and no non-citizen may work as a journalist and excessive restrictions atomic number 18 imposed on the content of what the media may publish or broadcast. This Memorandum analyses the Access to Information and security system of Privacy Bill, setting out ARTICLE 19s main concerns, along with recommendations as to how to take aim them. Our concerns atomic number 18 grouped into five main categories. offset, the provisions on freedom of information are disadvantageously undermined by an extensive regime of exclusions and exceptions.Second, the Media Bill allocates broad regulatory powers to an Information and Media Commission unless this body is firmly under the control of the Minister responsible for information. Third, all media outlets, as well as those who sprinkle information, including through video and audio cassettes, are required obtain a registration certificate from the Commission. Fourth, conditions are placed on who may practise journalism and all journalists are required to obtain accreditation from the Commission. Fifth, the right imposes strict restrictions on media content, including by reintroducing provisions which were recently struck down as unconstitutional by the Supreme motor inn of Zimbabwe.International and Constitutional StandardsInternational Guarantees of freedom of ExpressionThe Universal Declaration of gracious Rights (UDHR) is widely distributedly considered to be the flagship statement of international human rights, binding on all states as a matter of customary international law. Article 19 of the UDHR guarantees the right to freedom of expression and information in the following foothold Every genius has the right to freedom of assent and expression this right includes the right to hold opinions without prophylactic and to judge, receive and channelize information and ide as through any media and regardless of frontiers.The International Covenant on cultivated and Political Rights (ICCPR), a legally binding treaty which Zimbabwe ratified in 1991, guarantees the right to freedom of opinion and expression in very similar terms to the UDHR, also in Article 19. Zimbabwe is also a party to the African Charter on charitable and Peoples Rights, which guarantees freedom of expression at Article 9. These guarantees free for some restrictions on freedom of expression andinformation but nevertheless where these are prescribed by law, pursue a legitimate aim and are necessity in a democratic gild to protect that aim.Constitutional GuaranteesArticle 20(1) of the Zimbabwean Constitution guarantees freedom of expression in the following terms Except with his own consent or by way of parental discipline, no person shall be hindered in the enjoyment of his freedom of expression, that is to say, freedom to hold opinions and to receive and broadcast ideas and i nformation without kerfuffle, and freedom from interference with his correspondence.As under international law, the Constitution does permit some restrictions on freedom of expression, but only where such restrictions are reasonably justifiable in a democratic societyThe Importance of exemption of ExpressionInternational bodies and courts have made it very clear that freedom of expression and information is mavin of the nigh important human rights. In its very first session in 1946 the United Nations familiar Assembly adopted Resolution 59(I) which states Freedom of information is a fundamental human right and the bill of all the freedoms to which the United Nations is consecrated.As this resolution nones, freedom of expression is both fundamentally important in its own right and also find to the fulfilment of all other rights. It is only in societies where the free flow of information and ideas is permitted that democracy can flourish. In addition, freedom of expression is intrinsic if violations of human rights are to be break downd and challenged. The importance of freedom of expression in a democracy has been stressed by a number of international courts. For example, the African Commission on Human and Peoples Rights has held Freedom of expression is a basic human right, bouncy to an individuals personal development, his political consciousness, and fellowship in the conduct of commonplace affairs in hiscountry.Similarly, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights statedFreedom of expression is a cornerstone upon which the very existence of a democratic society rests. It is indispensable for the formation of earth opinion. It can be said that a society that is not well informed is not a society that is truly free.This has repeatedly been affirmed by both the UN Human Rights Committee and the European Court of Human Rights. 1 Constitutional Rights Project and Media Rights Agenda v. Nigeria, 31 October 1998, Communications 105/93, 130/94, 128/94 and 152/96, para. 52. 2 Compulsory Membership in an Association Prescribed by Law for the Practice of Journalism, informative Opinion OC-5/85, 13 noember 1985, Series A, zero(prenominal) 5, para. 70.The fact that the right to freedom of expression exists to protect arguable expression as well as conventional statements is well established. For example, in a recent fount the European Court of Human Rights stated that According to the Courts well-established case-law, freedom of expression constitutes one of the essential foundations of a democratic society and one of the basic conditions for its progress and for each individuals self-fulfilment. Subject to paragraph 2 of Article 10, it is applicable not only to information or ideas that are favourably received or regarded as inoffensive or as a matter of indifference, but also to those that offend, shock or disturb. Such are the demands of that pluralism, tolerance and broadmindedness without which there is no democratic societ y.These statements emphasise that freedom of expression is both a fundamental human right and also key to democracy, which can flourish only in societies where information and ideas flow freely.Media FreedomThe guarantee of freedom of expression applies with ill-tempered force to the media, including the broadcast media and the Internet. As the Inter-American Court of Human Rights has stated It is the mass media that make the recital of freedom of expression a reality.4 Because of their pivotal role in informing the macrocosm, the media as a whole merit special egis. As the European Court of Human Rights has held It is incumbent on the press to impart information and ideas on matters of public following. Not only does it have the task of imparting such information and ideas the public also has a right to receive them. Were it otherwise, the press would be unable to play its vital role of public watchdog.This applies particularly to information which, although critical, is impo rtant to the public interest The press plays an essential role in a democratic society. Although it must not overstep sealed bounds, in particular in respect of the reputation and rights of others and the need to pr stillt the disclosure of confidential information, its duty is nevertheless to impart in a manner consistent with its obligations and responsibilities information and ideas on all matters of public interest footnote deleted. In addition, the court is mindful of the fact that journalistic freedom also covers possible recourse to a grad of exaggeration, or even provocation.This has been recognised by the constitutional courts of individual states around the world. For example, the Supreme Court of reciprocal ohm Africa has recently held Nilsen and Johnsen v. Norway, 25 November 1999, Application No. 23118/93, para. 43. Compulsory Membership in an Association Prescribed by Law for the Practice of Journalism, op cit., para. 34. 5 Thorgeirson v. Iceland, 25 June 1992, Ap plication No. 13778/88, para. 63. 6 Fressoz and Roire v. France, 21 January 1999, Application No. 29183/95 (European Court of Human Rights).The role of the press is in the front line of the battle to control democracy. It is the function of the press to ferret out corruption,dishonesty and graft wherever it may occur and to expose the perpetrators. The press must reveal dishonest maland inept administration. It must also contribute to the exchange of ideas already alluded to. It must advance communication between the governed and those who govern. The press must act as the watchdog of the governed.Restrictions on Freedom of ExpressionThe right to freedom of expression is not absolute. Both international law and most national constitutions recognise that freedom of expression may be restricted. However, any limitations must remain at bottom strictly defined parameters. Article 19(3) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights lays down the benchmark, stating The p raxis of the rights proposed for in paragraph 2 of this article carries with it special duties and responsibilities. It may therefore be subject to certain restrictions, but these shall only be such as are provided by law and are necessary (a) For respect of the rights or reputations of others (b) For the protection of national security or of public order (ordre public), or of public health or morals.It is a maxim of human rights jurisprudence that restrictions on rights must always be construed narrowly this is especially true of the right to freedom of expression in light of its importance in democratic society. Accordingly, any restriction on the right to freedom of expression must meet a strict three-part test, approved by both the Human Rights Committee8 and the European Court of Human Rights.9 This test requires that any restriction must a) be provided by law b) be for the purpose of safeguarding a legitimate public interest and c) be necessary to secure that interest.The thi rd part of this test means that even measures which seek to protect a legitimate interest must meet the requisite standard established by the term necessity. Although absolute necessity is not required, a pressing social need must be demonstrated, the restriction must be proportionate to the legitimate aim pursued, and the reasons given to justify the restriction must be relevant and sufficient.10 In other words, the government, in protecting legitimate interests, must restrict freedom of expression as little as possible. Vague or broadly defined restrictions, even if theysatisfy the provided by law criterion, will generally be unacceptable because they go beyond what is strictly required to protect the legitimate interest.The Freedom of Information RegimeGovernment of the Republic of South Africa v. the sunlight Times, 1995 1 LRC 168, pp. 175-6. See, for example, Mukong v. Cameroon, 21 July 1994, Communication No. 458/1991, para. 9.7. 9 See, for example, Goodwin v. United Kingdom, 27 March 1996, Application No. 17488/90, paras. 2837. 10 Sunday Times v. United Kingdom, 26 April 1979, Application No. 6538/74, para. 62 (European Court of Human Rights). These standards have been reiterated in a large number of cases.The Media Bill establishes a general right to access information held by public bodies (section 5). ARTICLE 19 has long advocated in favour of legislative protection for the right to information and, to that extent, welcomes this development. However, the regime of exceptions is so comprehensive as to render any right to information largely illusory. Furthermore, review of refusals to disclose information are heard by the Information and Media Commission, a body controlled by the government, rather than by an independent body. Several provisions in the Media Bill provide for exceptions.The First Schedule lists a number of bodies to which the Act does not apply (pursuant to section 4). These include, among others, records held by officers of Parliamen t which resuscitate to their functions, records of an elected local official which are not held by the local body and any record relating to the exercise of the functions of the President. Indeed, the First Schedule formally excludes from the operation of the Act any record which has no billing on the election campaign itself, thereby restricting the scope of the Act in this regard to the election period, although it is possible that this is a drafting error. Section 9(4)(c)provides that public bodies do not have to provide information where granting access is in the public interest. This again is presumably a drafting error, with the word not missing from this phrase. Sections 15 26 provide for a comprehensive regime of exceptions from the duty to disclose information.Exceptions include all cabinet documents, including draft legislation, advice or recommendations provided to public bodies (with some exceptions) and information whose disclosure would affect dealings between diff erent levels of government or which may result in harm to the economic interest of the public body. Pursuant to section 5, non-citizens and any mass media outlet which is not registered do not have any rights under the Act. The Media and Information Commission is responsible for reviewing, upon request, any refusal to grant access to information (sections 9(3) and bankrupt X). ARTICLE 19 is of the view that the right to access information held by public bodies is part of the general right to freedom of expression, which includes the right to seek and receive information.We therefore welcome any moves to provide for this right in national legislation. However, the right to information as provided for in this Bill is so thoroughly undermined by the very broad regime of exclusions and exceptions, as described briefly above, as to render the right fundamentally nugatory. A detailed analysis of the regime of exceptions and exclusions is not provided in this Memorandum instead, a general limited review is made. Exceptions are only legitimate according to international standards if they meet a strict three-part test as follows the information must relate to a legitimate interest clearly defined in the law disclosure must threaten to cause substantial harm to that interest and the harm to the aim must be greater than the public interest in having the information (in other words, the law must provide for a public interest override).

Evaluate the importance of regular exercise Essay Example for Free

Evaluate the immensity of regular exercise EssayIn recent years, the cognisance of the importance of public wellness has increase signifi arsetly and maintaining a healthy personate and mind is interrogative sentencelessly everyones daily wishes. Doing exercise is one of the ways to suspensor people to fulfill their dreams as it nookie strengthen our body and improve our mind. The powerfulness of the aids from the state to help achieving the goal efficiently has also been put on the publics discussion t adapted. In this essay, will first examine the importance of exercise, undermentioned by analyzing how both Hong Kong and British government plays their role in ensuring its citizens exercise regularly and suggesting almost follow-up actions. To begin with, doing exercise nookie help to improve our health condition and makes us stronger. bore stinkpot be divided into four categories endurance, strength, balance, and flexibility which will give us benefits if we can refining them all. (Go4Life n.d.) Researches. ( mayo clinic 2014) has shown that hunt downing proscribed will on one hand lower stress and on the different hand in reduce body fat which will makes us look fitter and healthier. erstwhile body fat is reduced, it can also lower the blood pressure and maintain a unstable circular blood flow. Threats posed to our body cod to high blood pressure can be ceased for example strokes.Moreover, exercise shows a negative relationship with depressions. Endorphin is a hormone released when doing exercise which has a supreme impact on our mood by making us happier and reducing rates of depression. This shows that the to a greater extent we work out, the higher the level of happiness we can gain. Endorphins will diminish the perception of pain in disposition will leads to positive feelings. (WebMD 2014) loving circle can also be widened when doing exercise as more or less of them require team work and players will hand to co-operate with each other which increases their cohesions and boost their relationships. Take compete basketball as an example, team players willhave to communicate and trust each other and grant the ball to one another so as to gain goals. Strong social support which resulted can reduce the chance of depression as ones attention has been increased. By contrast, without any work out whitethorn lead to suicide in some extreme cases. Studies done by Dhaval and Inas shows that there is a exact relationship between gruelling status, depressive disorders, and suicidal behaviors. Overweight adolescents will have a low self-esteem as they argon labeled as fat boy which makes them having a weak self-confidence and body dissatisfaction. (Dhaval Inas 2009) As exercising can relate to life and death issues, it proves that it is of high importance that regular exercises ar necessitate to maintain our body health.Next, the government should also play an important role in dealings with healthcare issu e of citizens. According to recent reports, (Ko 2010 Chapman 2014) both Hong Kong and Britain are facing a problem of increased death rates due to obesity. This is mainly due to the increasing personal populous and changing in lifestyle characteristics with reduced in physical activity but increase in food dream which results in chronic diseases. With reference to the Hong Kong governments official website, it has made a step front to tackle this problem by introducing the National Fitness Day on 8th August every year (GovHK 2010). This offers its local citizens in free of charge sporting experience in appointed sports center in 18 districts of Hong Kong for example dancing play-in, fitness corner and some fitness and health talk and workshops. Parent-child activities are also available which can promote their relationships. Through this event, it can surely arouse the publics attention in doing sports and even increases their own interest in developing certain type of sports.How ever, British government further did limited actions in developing citizens sportsmanship with the exception of London Olympics 2012 (Olympic.org 2013) which reveals more Britain are dead due to overweight and obese kept increasing and the figure is even 50 percent more when comparing to France as Chapman said. It is believed the British government should take Hong Kong as a reference to ensure its citizens involve in sports more often. By introducing reward system can increase their attention in doing sports and they will be more willing to do so. Also, public sports centers with low membership fees canalso be established so as to help low income families to enjoy this entertainment in low woo. Promotions and advertisements are needed so more people will know about it and raise their awareness of it. Due to the high authorization of the government, it will hopefully help to promote exercise in Britain more effectively and testify to the success of Hong Kong in promoting sports to its residences.In addition, citizens maintaining nigh(a) health will also benefit the state. With a poor health condition, worker will result in bump offee from work and will decrease the productiveness of the firm. (Krol at el., 2012) During the absent period, it may be difficult for the company to find a perfectly suitable substitute as the productivity loss will be unpredictable as workers are not assigned to the function jobs. Profits will be lost and reduces the economic rearth of the nation (Wei at el., 2011). Also, as mentioned earlier, suicide incidents of workers can also affect the company. Foxconn, the occupation factory of Apple products is one of the place where often perceive of workers there committed suicide due to poor working conditions and loneness ( BBC 2010). This will in no doubt damage the reputation of the firm and affect sales.However, if there can be enough work out for the labor, they will feel less stressed and more happy to work. Unwanted accide nts can be avoided. wholeness of the main responsibilities of citizens is to contribute to the society that we should produce to the profit maximizing output to help maintaining the labor wildness of our place to maintain efficiency. With good health, workers are able to work more efficiently as they can perform well and show their own talents. Productivity will then increase as a result of stimulating economic growth which will benefits the society. With better economic conditions, people are able to afford their own lives and have a higher standard of living. In order to avoid ceasing production process and reducing efficiency of firms, the government to a high extent should be responsible to put rules to help its citizens in public health issues.However, some may argue that it is our own responsibility to wedge healthy which means we should not rely on the state. Health is a long-term investment which can be determinates by ourselves and we are personallyresponsible daily. So me may also say that (Sherman 2012) good health will be attained if effort is given and we prioritize it well. Long-term effort is needed so as to balance our body, mind and effort. Exercise is a personal activity which depends on the various(prenominal) willingness. If the government force them to work out, they may feel discontented and conflicts between the two parties will exist. cost will be involved in dealing with the disputes which exploits interests of them. Furthermore, people may think that they will have their own practice to maintain health for example controlling their diet such as following the food pyramid (GovHK 2012). Parents also play vital role in dealing with the health conditions of their children. hale lifestyle practices should be nurtured since small so they will pay more intention to that even when they grow up. In addition, supports from schools should also be given to students for example setting up more physical tuition classes and also extra-circular activities related to sports so as to increase their amount of physical exercise. It is undouble that teaching from parents to their children is the most effective way to convey the idea of health to them as most children tend to listen to their parents more than anyone else. thusly some believe that it is not the states responsibility and it should not intervene with peoples daily routines.To conclude, although some people may be dissatisfied if the government meddle with their exercise pattern, it is of predominant importance which the state should be responsible to deal with the health issues of its citizens as this is one of its responsibilities. If the state help to preserve the publics exercising rhythm, it can reduce the disease-related problems and it is much easier for the state to intervene due to its high authority. At the same time, it will also bring positive impacts like increasing productivity which benefits the society. As a result, to a large extent the state shou ld help in ensuring its citizens exercise regularly in order to maintain a good health.Reference List1. Blanch, B, 2010. Foxconn suicides Workers feel quite lonely. BBC online, online 28 whitethorn 2010. uncommitted athttp//www.bbc.co.uk/news/10182824 16 May 2014.2. Chapman, J, 2014. Britains obesity death rate. online usable at Accessed 04 May 20143. Dhaval, D and Inas, R., 2009. Overweight status, self-perception, and suicidal behaviors among adolescents. Social Science Medicine, e-journal. 68(9) Available by Lancaster University Library website Accessed 15 February 2014.4. Go4Life n.d., 4 Types of Exercise. online Available at Accessed 12 May 20145. GovHK, 2010. Sport For All Day on August 8 promotes benefits of regular exercise. online Available at Accessed 106. GovHK, 2012. The Food Pyramid -A Guide to a Balanced Diet. online Available at http//www.cheu.gov.hk/eng/info/exercise_07.htm Accessed 10 May 20147. Krol, M Brouwer, W Severens, J Kaper, J Evers, S., 2002. Produc tivity cost calculations in health economic evaluations Correcting for compensation mechanisms and multiplier effects. Social Science Medicine, e-journal Abstract only. Available through Lancaster University Library website http//onesearch.lancs.ac.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?frbrVersion=5tabs=detailsTabct=displayfn=searchdoc=TN_sciversesciencedirect_elsevierS0277-9536(12)00553-9indx=3recIds=TN_sciversesciencedirect_elsevierS0277-9536(12)00553-9recIdxs=2elementId=2renderMode=poppedOutdisplayMode=fullfrbrVersion=5dscnt=1scp.scps=scope%3A%2844LAN_ALMA_DS%29%2Cscope%3A%2844LAN_ML_DS%29%2Cprimo_central_multiple_fefrbg=tab=quicksearchdstmp=1400453092549srt=rankmode=Basicdum=truetb=tvl(freeText0)=absenteeism%20productivityvid=LUL_VU1 Accessed12 May 2014.8. Ko, G, 2010. Obesity in Hong Kong lay on the line and Burden. online Availableat Accessed 15 May 20149. MAYO Clinic, 2014. Exercise 7 benefits of regular physical activity. online Available at http//www.mayoclinic.org /healthy-living/fitness/in-depth/exercise/art-20048389 Accessed 10 May 201410. Olympic.org, 2013. London 2012. online Available at Accessed 14 May 201411. Sherman, S, 2012. Healing, Health and Self-responsibility. online Available at Accessed 11 May 201412. WebMD, 2014. Exercise and Depression. online Available at Accessed 14 February 2014.13. Zhang, W Bansback, N and Aslam H.A.,2011. Measuring and valuing productivity loss due to poor health A critical review. Social Science Medicine, e-journal 72(2), 185-192. Available through Lancaster University Library website 15 May 2014

Can This Bookstore Be Saved Essay Example for Free

Can This Bookstore Be Saved screenThe internet has brought an end to most brick and mortar locations of book stores and have changed the ways that book publishers market and exchange their books. Publishers had to change the way they allocate printed books as well as beginning to release books as apps in order to change the ways that books are sold and open up to a wider audience. Paper books would clear a bigger profit but do not sell as well as e-books. Book stores either had to adapt to the change or ultimately meet their end. Book stores had to reach to sell e-books and e-readers in order to maintain their sales.BN as well as book publishers are changing their worry model to deal with the internet and e-book technology by increasing the features which they offer to their clientele. They are constantly upgrading the r-readers they exit and increasing the functionality of their e-books. Also they are looking to cater to the college student for their text book needs. 3. Yes BNs in the buff strategy will be prosperous. I feel that their new strategy will be successful beca uptake they are not appealing to more people especially college students that will repeatedly need to procure or rent textbooks.As with new features they allow people to do more things even though some people may never use them the younger demographic would more than comparablely be drawn to those new features. 4. I feel that BN and publishers should be giving people more of a lagger of the books to stimulate more business. With e-books it is harder to just impulse buy one because you cannot hold the book in your contact and read a few pages to see if you have a true feel for the book.The weaknesses within Facebooks secretiveness policies and features are the fact they want you to share as much culture as possible but they make your information openly readily available to anyone if you do not know how to go through with(predicate) all of Facebooks settings. They do not au tomatically protect your account and do not easily collapse you the information to do so. The factors that contribute to those weaknesses is the lack of information given to consumers, they do not tell you how your information will be used, the difficulty involved with updating how your information is shared and the fact they do not ask your permission for images.The way in which Facebook currently conducts business I do not intend they can have a successful business model without invading privateness. I feel like they make the most of their business exploiting peoples privacy and their lack of knowledge with how to change their privacy settings. The only way I feel that they can make it successful would be to educating the people that use facebook to take the proper measures to make sure their information is not shared without their approval.

Political and ideological discourse Essay Example for Free

Political and ideological discourse EssayAmerica is founded upon well-nigh deep disturbing prejudices, which are dangerously implanted in our youth at a preadolescent age. The impact is a sick culture, capable of terrible acts of impulse that are inspired by misgiving and contempt. This is at the core of The Crucible. In m whatever ways, The Crucible, which recounts the awful details of the Salem Witch Trials, lock up resonates today. The boundary Witch Hunt is often invoked in modern social, political and ideological discourse to characterize any malicious or out of work crusade against an innocent party or parties. The narrative of the 1954 Arthur milling machine butterfly processs to keep fresh the understanding of that which we are capable of at our worst, our just about misguided and our most ignorant. In addition, it cautions against the type of repression which marked the Salem society, elucidating that such unnatur eachy draconian standards will inevitably caus e revolt. perchance among the most blow out of the water elements of the laugher is that which is revealed to the make ups reader in the introduction regarding the extraordinary recent age of the girls.Acknowledging them as being barely out of their puberty, this introduction helps to pave the way for the uncivilised manner perpetrated by such young aggressors, producing a useful discussion on the cultural impact stupid person upon our young by a culture that behaves with such virulent fanaticism. This also helps us in our comity of the realities surrounding the witch trials, with Millers telling pairing with some historical notes of interest. These do help us to appreciate the danger tread by Americans in this context and in those modern parallels t presentto.To this extent, the shocking detail noted in the introduction relates to the accompaniment that in the years after the witch trials, when the soil of Massachusetts had come to fully acknowledge and provide reparatio ns for what had occurred, it did so with precious little remorse. Though it provided a small financial sum to the compensation of the Proctorswith John Proctor already deceased by execution of instrumentperversely, damages were paid not only to the victims but also to such people as William Good, who was his married womans accuser, and Abigail Hobbs, a confessed witch who became a hostile witness. (viii) In addition to this grotesque distortion of a reconciliation, the statement provided by the Governor accompanying this statement of apology would argue nonetheless that the accusers could be forgiven for their atrocities overdue to the fact that the time and place in question was infested with a horrible Witchcraft. (vii) This would seem a most unyielding apology. These observations lead to a number of questions concerning the play as a self-coloured.Particularly, the fact of this unrepentence causes us to appreciation whether Millers political enemies recognized the parallels suggested among McCarthyism and the Witch Trials. A second question wonders whether this play might have been made had not the era of McCarthyism begun to impact artists, authors and drop offtainers, even in spite of the fact that it was based on events more than 200 years passed. A final question as we enter further discussion on this subject questions whether or notwithout a loaded intentionMillers analogy between the Witch Trials and the anti-communist loyalty trials of the 1950s.The story is presented with some striking elements which do not blunt but tend instead to make more relatable the impact of certain characters. The most adult of distinctions from history is the set of dramatic liberties taken with regard to personal relationships, such as the affair between Proctor and Abigail, which would be a device intended to move forward themes of personal vindictiveness. Additional distinctions are the characterizations which in many contexts, Miller acknowledges, were intende d as composite sketches of groups of individuals identified by historical record.His characters were fictionalized for the settle of economy. An additional detail of importance is that many of the character ages were altered in order to create dramatic tensions and possibilities central to the narrative action but distinct from historical accuracy. Ultimately, none of these distinction detract from the annoyance of Millers message, which is that the danger present in this age would emerge once again in the era of McCarthyism, and perhaps we might argue, again today in the age of terrorism.Namely, we can see that worry of an unseen villain has bred a blind and irrational wave of paranoia and its attendant behaviors, establishing a society deeply vulnerable to exploitation and mob mentality. 2. Ultimately, it is impossible for this reason of mob mentality to place the blame for the dreadful series of events upon any one individual. Though some appear as more insidious than others, and where others still will tend to even demonstrate remorse in eventuality, all individuals in the society may be said to play a hand in the disgrace for which Millers play accounts.Indeed, as much as the aggressive pursuit shown by some, it would be the spineless docility of others which would allow so many to lose there lives. Indeed, we may be immediately struck by how fast speculation is turned around in the rate described by Act I. Here, the manipulative young girls die hard culpability for deviant behavior by exploiting the primitive instincts of the townsfolk. Millers work seems largely fixated upon the comfortable and willing susceptibility of the Salem townsfolk to such a ploy.The story utilized fast sequence of narrative action in order to demonstrate the stunning quickness with which the Church moves to respond to allegations, eschewing well-founded law enforcement or due process to instead begin a series of completely unfounded arrests. Indeed, the arrival of sc uff, the specialist on witchcraft, brings with it a gloomy sense of foreboding that seems to target this man with the hitch of blame for that which is to occur.With the sentence of death being the outcome to such proceedings as those brought forth, the reader is move by the remarkably errant posing of Church authority. The courtroom drama which is used in the ordinal Act of the play is compelling if a little overstated. Here, the genuine hysteria has set in and the dire turnabout between first Mary and John toward Abigail and ultimately, Mary and Abigail toward John demonstrates the greatest problem of the play.It is ready that everybody is on trial, which we may denote is likewise how Miller views it. To his perspective, the town is indeed on trial for its behavior. The massacre and extremity of the outcome is perhaps less surprising therefore than something such as the reversal of Hale in the finally act. Initially, the reader views him as a sinister figure but it is clear b y this juncture that the forces governing Salem had leapt far beyond his intent or control. The finality of the play here is unforgiving, as the accused are hanged with no redemption.The theme of intolerance as a crime of which the whole town is guilty is presented largely in the descriptions by Miller, who portrayed the Puritans as living in what was a barbaric frontier inhabited by a sect of fanatics who, nevertheless, were shipping out products of slowly increase quantity and value. (4) Miller would describe them as a people who forbade anything resembling a theater or worthless enjoyment. We might therefore argue that the theme of intolerance is best exemplified by the impact which it has on the cruel and hateful children, made so by the puritan society.A contrary indication, given by the beneficent Rebecca, notes that a childs spirit is like a child, you can never catch it by running after you must stand still, and, for love, it will soon itself come back. (24) Here, we ar e given an light otherwise absent from Salem, and much to the destruction of its people as it drives the neglected children to become ripe with meanness. Indeed, all are guilty, right down to the children who laughed while others died. Works Cited Miller, A. (1964) The Crucible A Play in intravenous feeding Acts. Penguin Books.

The Great Baby Einstein Scam Essay Example for Free

The Great babe wizard Scam EssayThe text The Great Baby Einstein Scam was written by Mira Jacob. This text is an argumentative issue giving details supporting why p arents should not buy materials, such as depictions, in hopes of their babies becoming geniuses. The sole purpose of this article is to inform the public of Disneys invisible way of apologizing for their attempt at misleading parents to believe that they had developed a Baby Einstein painting for babies, in whom these videos hopefully would turn your baby into little geniuses, was to issue out refunds. This video, called Baby Einstein, have had a disappointing outcome, which caused an upset, especially with parents. This video used a known genius Einstein to promote its sales. The readers are parents with babies six months to two years, wanting their children to have an advantage of being very smart. These readers are those that knew Einstein was a genius, which gave the scammers leverage for the Baby Einstein vi deo scam. The readers are those who wanted to believe that there is a magical, wondrous, no parental-guidance-required product that will turn their kids into Mensa members.Mira Jacob, is an editor at the online magazine Shine. She was intrigued by an article in the impudent York Times that said Disney was offering a refund to buyers of Baby Einstein videos that did not do as it promised. The author wants the parents not to depend on every educational toy out there. One restraint is a large number of parents with babies ages six months to two years were convinced to buy the Baby Einstein videos. Another constraint is parents believing that if their babies watched the video the babies would become geniuses.Another constraint is the combination of our lack of time, our paranoia everywhere our kids performance, and our faith in technology that caused this generation of parents to accept the clever advertising of the video to be considered as truth. The Exigence of this article is pare nts with babies six months to two years bought the videos that help their child a break at becoming a Genius? The only problem with all of this is the video didnt work.

Socrates The Afterlife Essay Example for Free

Socrates The After heart EssayRead selections from The Phaedo, available in this weeks Electronic prevail Readings. Focus on paragraphs 107 to 115a (pp. 437444). Write a 350- to 700-word essay on the followingWhy does Socrates not aid death?What are his views on death and the afterlife?Do you agree or disagree with Socrates on this topic?Using the Socratic method and The Good Thinkers Tool Kit, formulate at least one psyche you would ask Socrates about his views on the afterlife.Socrates view of the afterlife is a lowly difficult to assess due to the fact that there are not actual written whole kit and boodle by Socrates. The only works about him are by other people. Socrates view of death came up in a conversation when asked by Cebes about the poetry he was working on. The discussion starts with the question suicide. Socrates thesis was the one aim of those who practice ism in the proper manner is to practice for last and death. He also defines death as the separation of body and soul. All this lead to Socrates windup about death which is, upon dying a philosopher is most likely to obtain the wisdom which he has been desire his whole life. Socrates also had an interesting view of the afterlife. Since being dead and being alive are other states, and dying and coming-to-life are the two opposite processes between these states, coming-to-life must repose out dying. Socrates also recalled an old-fashioned theory basis just as the souls of the dead in the underworld come from those living in this world the living souls come back from those of the dead.He concluded that everything that dies must come back to life again. Socrates made a strong argument with valid points that cannot be dismissed. If the two opposite processes did not dimension each other out, everything would eventually be in the same state for eccentric, if increase did not balance out decrease, everything would keep becoming smaller and smaller. Another prime example of this is the Yin and Yang which is a Chinese philosophy and culture which based its principle in that all things exist as inseparable and contradictory opposite, for example female-male, dark-light.

Counselling, Caring and the Ambulance Service Essay Example for Free

Counselling, Caring and the Ambulance Service EssayIntroductionIn order to discus counselling and its meaning both gener tot all toldyy, and in my oeuvre, it is prerequisite to tot up with a definition. The dictionary describes it in terms of advice notwithstanding this interpretation is a traditional one and carries an immediate meaning of inequality for those involved. It is a narrow interpretation of the concept when compared to modern attitudes, which usually include a mental aspect.Nevertheless, the traditional view still bears three of the fundamentals of counselling.These are* That it involves at least two people, thus constitutes a relationship. * That there is agreement about the spirit of the interaction, i.e. it is cooperative.* The aim is to help those involved.According to Stephen Murgatroyd (1990, P.5) counselling is not the sole prerogative of professional counsellors. It is a process that is widely used in within a community, which squirt take many forms. I open found this particularly true in my bear profession.As a Paramedic within the NHS for ten years I fix used techniques, which I now spot as essentials of counselling practice, but bewilder never considered myself a counsellor. Rather a professional who elicit learn to a greater extent from the subject.In my oeuvre I find frequent examples of the to a greater extent than traditional model of counselling, as described by Murgatroyd (1990 P.7) as prescriptive or directive but also of other the facilitative or developmental forms, which seek to uphold persevering centred self-actualisation. These I impart seek to analyse. I hope to draw out some of the problems involved and discuss ways in which to improve.Counselling, Caring and the Ambulance ServiceOnce upon a cartridge holder ambulance lag had a clear job specification, or at least their managers liked to debate so. Crews were told their mission was to preserve life and transport to hospital with the negligible of deterioration in the longanimouss well-being. In reality things are not that simple and ambulance staff deal with a myriad of human being responses and emotions e very(prenominal) day.In the past many of my colleagues thought of counselling as a nebulous concept, which had no place at the cutting age of ambulance wager. More assist was paid to strong-arm trauma than emotional. With hindsight we can see that the best ambulance staff were those that used the skills that we now identify and welcome, in a natural and confident way. Usually they were also those that had plenty of experience.Just as my job covers a domain of human conditions, so counselling and guidance demands a range of approaches to those being counselled. In my job these can be unhurrieds, their friends, relatives, bystanders or other professionals. Also though, it includes my colleagues.I have discussed briefly the nature of counselling, now I would like to examine it in more detail.Nelson-Jones (1983) talk s of a distinction between skills and specialism or counselling relationships, whereby counselling is the primary activity, and helping relationships in which counselling skills form part of the helpers relationship with other person.Cl beforehand(predicate) the latter applies to my own job as well as many others. Our primary power is not that of counsellors but we use some of those skills so as to be effective practitioners.Davis Fallowfield examine quaternion models of psychological theory that have had a major impact on counselling. These are* Behavioural* cognitive Behavioural* Person Centred* PsychodynamicEach of these allows us a bump understanding of the processes of helping by affording us a different view of the human psyche. In my work I can recognise elements of all the models in patients and colleagues.Rogers, (Person Centred), gives appreciation into the importance of the conditions required to create an effective relationship. Based on humane doctrine he espous es the belief that all people have the capacity to achieve self-actualisation, if the basic conditions can be created.Freud, (Psychodynamic) demonstrates the importance of the relationship, the unconscious processes which arise from them and the insight into them in dealing with problemsThe behaviourist theories espoused by Pavlov, Skinner, Ellis and others, deal with the nature of behaviours learned and observable, and how maladaptive thought processes can be unlearned by the use of cognitive processes.A fifth model, that of Gerard Egan, integrates many of the ideas of the former to create an eclectic model that I consider has particular relevancy to my workplace.In The Skilled Helper (1994) Egan incorporates some of Rogers and Maslows humanistic ideas in a pragmatic way, to compendium some of the counselling skills that we use so much as teachers or administerrs. As Egans model is interested with problems other than just psychological it provides a more relevant ethical base for those in belief or healthcare and has been increasingly embraced by those professions in recent years.(Burnard 1990 P.27)Egan mirrors modern healthcare by treating the patient in an holistic way. He proposes a need for empathy, respect, genuiness and mutual respect. All of these are very necessary to accomplished ambulance staff.The Three-Stage ModelEgan uses a three-stage model to outline the helping process. The first stage concentrates on the brotherly skills that I find so important to my job, setting the scene and allowing a warm relationship to boom out through showing genuine empathy. Skills such as body language active listening and attention giving are prerequisites. Communication is established and advanced.Stage two moves the process forward by tipple out themes to allow the subject a new perspective. The subject is gently challenged so as to recognise themes, feelings and experiences. .Building on the previous stages, the third seeks to encourage a creative ambience . Problem solving displace on points raised, maybe seeking solutions and encouraging the subject to establish a plan of action.The establishment of colloquy is communal to the whole process. This is a massively important. The process may also move brookwards or forwards. It is not intended to be prescriptive but rather to draw out the empathetic human qualities that can help.I can recall so many instances where Egans ideas have been used in my workplace that it is hard to select examples. We are often called upon to assess our patients well being in a very short time. Once we have established that avenues of communication are possible, i.e that the patient is able to communicate in a rational way, we embark on a dialogue that seeks to put them at ease, allow them insight and hopefully afford them a feeling that they have some measure of control over the situation. indicator thus get goings an important issue.In Davis Fallowfield (P.15) the patient/practitioner relationship is discussed. They state that one of the most common problems encountered is the need for medical staff to take on the role of expert in order to clear up conclusive goals. Very often this leads to neglect of the patient as a whole.Sanders (1994) identifies two qualities that he describes as non-counselling. champion of them, he describes as being distant and expert. Sometimes, in a medical emergency, this is a necessary quality but creates feelings of guilt. I have often left relatives at the scene of a cardiac arrest at home whilst taking the role of expert and wondered at the emotional carnage that we have just encountered as we speed towards hospital with their loved one. Many times I know that we have not even begun to address their needs.It is certainly easier not to shoulder that sort of emotional involvement, as mentioned by Burnard (P.148), when he talks of the possibility of burnout. But sometimes assuming the role of expert can be used as an excuse to avoid emotional invo lvement.I consider that in my workplace this is a very common problem and have many times taken issue with colleagues who have deliberately refused to move away from the expert mode and address the patient as a whole person.In one such incident a young female patient was brought by chair into the AE division by a crew. Wheeled into the centre of the busy department she sat hunched, clearly embarrassed, and hiding her face. One of the crew held a large collection of empty pill packets, making it obvious to those who could see that the patient had overdosed.Overdoses are a very common emergency and can bring out negative attitudes from all medical workers.Whilst the patient remained on public view the ambulance man walked up to the nursing station and ritualistically poured the packets onto the desk in an obviously condescending way. The patient began to cry quietly.The behaviour of this colleague incensed me. He had ritualistically humiliated his patient presumably because of his i ntolerance and judgmentalism and a refusal to see the patient as anything but a manipulator. I believe that the ability to extract necessary information and perform tasks in an empathetic way is not just now achievable using Egans techniques, but also vital to patient well-being.During my time in the ambulance service time I have passed through stages that have been identified by Maynard Furlong (1998) as distinct points in development, from early idealism to realism and occasional disenchantment.I have found that after several years a degree of cynicism is a common occupational hazard and is probably to be expected.Staff have to come to terms with what is achievable within the constraints of the job and workplace stress is common.Very often in my workplace I witness a range of abilities in communication. Simple techniques such as positioning, eye hand and general body language can be taught but I am convinced that without a genuine love for ones fellow man these techniques are n ot convincing.The humanistic approach that I have discussed is not always easy. It is easy to dismiss, especially when staff are tired and demoralised. Judgmental attitudes are unglamourous and to some extent inevitable. The ability to rise above these and retain an open mind is something that can be massively affected by peer pressure in a working situation where crews work in twos.Usually one crewmember is senior and the dynamic of the relationship is affected by experience, sex, strength, (psychological and physical), age etc. This can often create an imbalance of power, between crewmates. This particularly affects less experienced younger staff in a workplace where experience is such a valuable commodity.Sometimes staff contribute because of their role as unofficial counsellors. Burnard (1990) talks of the potentially painful relationship between the parties. I believe that prolonged exposure can lead to problems and in my workplace this had lead to the formation of a social structure designed to aid the problem.Five years ago the ambulance service started an in-house Staff Support Scheme network, in order to create a pathway to help to reduce the impact of psychological problems. It was thought that staff who had been trained to identify some of the symptoms of psychological or emotional problems were in an excellent position to absorb the subject to help in the form of professional counselling.Whilst I wholeheartedly supported the concept and became a member, I had doubts about some of conditions attached, particularly about the principles of confidentiality and supervision.We were trained in debriefing techniques (not as counsellors) by a very experienced professional counsellor. However the trust felt bound to encourage us to disclose not only health safety and legal confidences, but also those that may conflict trust rules. This I felt was unethical and impractical. They also had no formal supervision structure in place and no mechanism for fur ther development. All these factors left the idea profoundly flawed.I conserve to serve as a staff support member but refuse to create reports on individuals or to pass on confidences. This is a position that is supported by Nelson-Jones (P.143) who maintains that breaking confidences is a in force(p) breech of ethics.Counselling and helping work colleagues outside the classroom can be a much more intimate affair. Crews routinely spend twelve hours in each others company, often on understudy or on station, alone, un-chaperoned and unsupervised. Thus if there are emotional needs and issuesthe workplace can become extremely intense. Staff obviously have issues themselves, quite apart from the problems they may face with patients and support can be close at hand. But the operational ambulance environment can also become a minefield of ethical limits and the process of helping can be impaired as well as enhanced.Burnard (P.139) discusses the problems of transport and countertransfere nce.In the above-mentioned situation where an inappropriate relationship develops he suggests the transfer of the client to a more senior counsellor. Although the obvious solution, this is not always possible and it is obvious that problems will continue to occur.DevelopmentThe back of an ambulance is no respecter of class and ambulance work can be a great leveller.As a develop teacher of ambulance staff I am in the privileged position of teaching those who I believe are routinely placed in a position of power and privilege that can be used or abused.I believe a major part of my teaching role is to encourage the use of the humanistic approach, and to encourage students to reflect on their own attitudes and judgements in order to allow them to better use the skills described by Egan and the key aspects required as described by Carl Rogers in Kischenbaum Henderson, (1989).The humanistic approach is already practised in my workplace and has been by the more experienced staff for year s. hitherto though they did not attach labels to their skills they were using the humanistic approach espoused by Egan, Rogers and others. In the emergency care setting they have honed these skills to bring benefit to their patients as quickly as possible. It remains a gladness to watchI see my future role as that of a champion for the humanistic approach, by my actions and my teaching methods. As more demands continue to be heaped on staff this may become more difficult.We are in danger of becoming more concerned with the product than the process.BibliographyMurgatroyd. S (1985) Counselling and Helping. Haworth barrackNelson-Jones.R (1997) Practical Counselling and Helping Skills. CassellDavis.H and Fallowfield.L (1993) Counselling and Communication in health CareWiley SonsBurnard.P (1990) Counselling Skills For Health ProfessionalsChapman HallBorck.L and Fawcet. S (1982) Learning Counselling and Problem Solving Skills.Haworth PressKirchenbaum Henderson (1989) The Carl Roger s Dialogues (From Course Handout)

Human Service Agencies Essay Example for Free

Human Service Agencies EssayHuman service agencies are formed by and for the public. As communities grow and change, the need to respond to the demands of these dynamic societies also increases. Not only does the night club couch itself open to positive opportunities, it is also exposed to the negative drawbacks of this dynamism. In fact, on that point are so many social issues that individuals alone cannot resolve. These are matters concerning the society that need sufficient and appropriate attention also from the society.These agencies do serve as intermediaries between solutions to problems and individuals, families, and societies. There are many issues that individuals, families and societies have that need communal action. I believe that these important issues include the most rampant problems nowadays encountered by people. Even the simplest problems like underage alcoholism, drug dependence, compulsive gambling, widespread crimes these are social issues that need imm ediate attention. Issues starting in individuals or within families also necessitate consideration.Some of these are problems of child and women abuse, violence within and outside families, wicked and persistent illnesses, including contagious ones, severe emotional disturbances experienced by people, and the like. I think, these simple matters must be acted upon immediately by service organizations like human service agencies. This is to mediate and assure proper attention to individuals and families, thereby assuring their safety, peacefulness, health and wellness, and the societys as well.I also believe that there are no least important issues, as long as individuals or families, or members of the society are involved, they are considered issues that must be resolved immediately. I arrived at this standpoint because I myself am a member of this society. Directly or indirectly, I rely and I may rely in the future in these human service agencies for betterment, improvement, prote ction and the like. And I must not be touch on only about myself but also about the welfare of the whole society.

Elaboration Theory in Learning Psychology Essay Example for Free

nicety Theory in Learning Psychology EssayThe concept of cultivation theory centers greatly on progressive learning. That is, the steps in learning argon built upon each other in a series of increasingly complex steps. In other words, rather than plateau the learning progress, it increases in complexity as time goes on. However, what was learned in the earlier portion of the attainment is not discarded. So, the concept of shade domiciliate be visualized as an upside down pyramid. It starts at a small plosive consonant and expands. However, the progression is always connected to its origination point. An example of this is as follows a student is taught basic objurgate structure. Then, the basics of sentence structure are expanded into the proper way to devise a paragraph. This posterior extends further as the students is taught to the create a series of paragraphs that form a coherent essay. An essay back end later be expanded into a lengthy research paper. Really, ther e is no limit to the progression as long as it never deviates from the origination point of proper grammar and structure. Why theorists recommend that learners luxuriant as much as possible.Many theorists believe that the civilisation theory provide a viscous approach to learning. This provides for an increase in retention and overall im foldments in learning. How schemas and scripts are often involved in elaboration. The way schemas and scripts work in the realm of elaboration is that they involve the individuals prior accruement of knowledge. This can be a help or a hindrance depending upon whether the prior knowledge improves or impedes the facilitation of new knowledge. Why different people may elaborate differently on the same information. distinct people may have different strengths and weaknesses.They also may have different goals for learning the material. Since elaboration is a process and not a product, it is understandable that different approaches to present the sam e material are needed. Why elaboration sometimes leads to the storage of inaccurate information. No system of learning is perfect and elaboration theory is not free of such problems. One possible reason that elaboration theory can lead to inaccurate information is because the progression of learning goes off on tangents. If this occurs, then it may prove difficult to develop a coherent learning paradigm.

Types and Significance of Evaluation of Training Program Essay Example for Free

Types and Signifi lavce of military rank of lickulation Program EssayTypes and signifi bathroomce of valuation of education architectural plan INTRODUCTION Training is vital for each and every formation. With the changing socio-economic and technological relevance of develop, the definitions, scope, systems and paygrade of cultivation architectural plan drive home also changed. One of the earlier classic definitions of teach is bringing dogged purifyment in skills in jobs. The present day definitions take a multi-dimensional perspective enveloping the unavoidably of individuals, teams, organizations and the society.The steps in the prepargon computer weapons platformme development be planning, syllabusme implementation, and programme valuation and follow-up. The military rank of whatever develop arranging helps measure the knowledge possibility, what is defined by Riech as the gap between what the trainer teaches and what the trainee learns. rati ngs help to measure Reichs gap by determining the value and military strength of a learning programme. It substance abuses assessment and validation tools to let info for the valuation. Evaluation of readiness arrangements, programmes or courses t destructions to be a demand of a social, institutional or economic nature.A planning program is non complete until you go finished measure outd methods and results. A key to obtaining consistent success with fosterage programs is to rent a authoritative approach to measurement and evaluation. Training Evaluation Approach Evaluation methods should be determined based on the oddments of the reproduction turn and should meet the demands of the various stakeholders involved. Every organization has multiple stakeholders and non every adept within the organization has the very(prenominal) culture needs. Typically, organizational stakeholder groups include the educate de ramifyment, employees and business units.Their tuitio n requirements fall into two categories whether the competencies have been learned and whether the learning has been applied toward repaird surgical process. DEFINITION * Goldstein (1993) defines evaluation as the systematic collection of descriptive and judgmental discipline necessary to involve sound purposes related to selection, adoption, value and modification of various instructional activities. * Kirkpatrick (1996) defines evaluation as determination of the effectiveness of a training programme.Evaluation of training as any attempt to obtain information on the effects of a training programme, and to assess the value of the training in the light of that information. * According to Van Dyk et al. (1997), definitions of evaluation have several implications Evaluation is an ongoing process. It is non done at the end of course only. The evaluation process is directed towards a specific culture and objectives. Evaluation requires the use of accurate and appropriate measur ing instruments to collect information for decision reservation. Evaluation is a form of quality control. Evaluation is not only concerned with the evaluation of students but with the wider training system as a whole. TYPES OF EVALUATION 1) Formation evaluation Formative evaluation Provides ongoing feedback to the curriculum designers and developers to learn that what is being created actually meets the needs of the intended audience. Formative Evaluation may be defined as any combination of measurements obtained and judgments made before or during the implementation of materials, methods, or programs to control, assure or improve the quality of program performance or delivery. * It answers such questions as, be the goals and objectives suitable for the intended audience? Are the methods and materials appropriate to the steadyt? Can the event be easily replicated? Formative evaluation furnishes information for program developers and implementers. * It helps determine progr am planning and implementation activities in terms of (1) target population, (2) program organization, and (3) program attitude and timing. * It provides short-loop feedback nearly the quality and implementation of program activities and thus becomes critical to establishing, stabilizing, and upgrading programs. ) Process evaluation Process evaluation provides information some what occurs during training. This includes giving and receiving verbal feedback. Process Evaluation answers the question, What did you do? It focuses on procedures and actions being use to produce results. * It monitors the quality of an event or rove by various means. Traditionally, working as an onlooker, the evaluator describes this process and measures the results in oral and written reports. * Process evaluation is the around common type of training evaluation. It takes place during training delivery and at the end of the event.Most of you probably have done it in one form or another. The question we try to answer is What did you do? * Following is a adjudicate list of the kinds of information collected to answer this question * Demographic data (characteristics more or less participants and their physical location) * What was taught how great it took * Whether or not the objectives were met * Who did what to whom, and when 3) Outcome evaluation Outcome evaluation determines whether or not the craved results (e. g. , what participants argon doing) of applying new skills were achieved in the short-term.Outcome Evaluation answers the question, What happened to the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of the intended population? * Specific and observable changes in behaviors that blend toward healthier or more productive lifestyles and away from chore-causing actions indicate a favored program. * For example, a successful project is one that is successful in causing a mellower percentage of students to use condoms when. This project would produce both outcomes and impact s. Outcome evaluation is a long-term undertaking. * Outcome evaluation answers the question, What did the participants do? * Because outcomes occupy to changes in behavior, outcome evaluation data is intended to measure what training participants were able to do at the end of training and what they actually did back on the job or in their community as a result of the training. * 4. Impact evaluation Impact evaluation determines how the results of the training affect the strategic goal e. g. health promotion goal of reducing the incidence and prevalence of HIV/AIDS. Impact Evaluation takes even longer than outcome evaluation and you may never know for sure that your project helped bring about the change. The focus is on changes that have occurred in key social indicators which are used to gauge the levels of difficulty occurrence. * Examples of impacts are reduction in the incidence of HIV/AIDS increase in condom use among students * Impacts occur through an accumulation of outcom es. Impact evaluation is meant to answer the question, How what did was taught in the training affect the problem? (Think back on the problem statements you developed. * Impact evaluation tries to measure whether or not training has abnormal the initial problem you identified. In other words, an impact evaluation is meant to assess the extent to which what was learned is making a difference at the community level, or targeted groups, or beneficiaries of the intervention Though this type of evaluation usually takes a long clock and cost a lot of money, it is the type that really focuses, for instance, on assessing whether or not there has been a reduction in the incidence and prevalence of specific problems in the community. * The idea here is that the impact of training leave behind hopefully be farthest reaching and make a difference in peoples lives. Need for EvaluationSince evaluation is an integral part of the whole process of training and development the details have to b e conceived much before the actual training activeness rather-than its ritualistic tagging at the end of training. The trainer should be fairly low-cal of How to evaluate What to evaluate When to evaluate Answers to these questions are dependent on the need for evaluation. Why Should A Training Program Be Evaluated? * To spot the programs strengths and weaknesses. * To assess whether glut, organization, and administration of the program contribute to learning and the use of training content on the job. To identify which trainees benefited most or least from the program. * To gather data to assist in selling training programs. * To determine the financial benefits and costs of the programs. * To compare the costs and benefits of training versus non-training investments. * To compare the costs and benefits of divers(prenominal) training programs to choose the best program. Principles of Evaluation Schuman, E. A. describes evaluation as an integral part of an operating system mea nt to aid trainers/ training managers to plan and adjust their training activities in an attempt to increase the prob mogul of achieving the desired action or goals.In order to integrate training practices with business policy and objectives evaluation has to be based on sound principles such as 1. Trainer/ Evaluator moldiness be clear about the purpose of evaluation to be able to set the standards and criteria of evaluation. 2. For an objective evaluation, the methodology and criteria of evaluation should be based on observable and as far as possible measurable standards of assessment which have been agreed upon by the evaluators and the users of the training system. 3. Evaluation has to be accepted as a process than an end product of training. 4. As a process, it has to be continuous.The one-spot assessment coffin nailnot guide trainers for improving subsequent programmes, therefore it has to let down before the actual training activity and end much after the conclusion of visib le training activity. 5. The training objectives should be an outcome of overall organizational goals to permit tangible evaluation of training results. 6. Evaluation data should be directive rather than conclusive. It must be comprehensive enough to guide trainers in the collection of information that will enable them to comment on current training effectiveness and to improve subsequent training. . A good evaluation system is tailor-made and should provide specific data about its strength and weakness. Generalizations drawn from one training activity may be in-applicable for training across contrasting levels and to meet different standards. Besides, they should refrain from using single instances for conclusions and generalizations. 8. A good evaluative system should provide sufficient scope for self- appraisal by the trainer/ evaluator. 9. The Evaluative data should try to balance decimal and qualitative information. 10.Role of the evaluator needs tone based on sound working kind with the participants, trainers, senior line managers and policy makers. Normally a researcher or a fresher is accustomed to the trainer to carry out end of the course evaluation. This evaluator may have the expertise of growth and designing-evaluative tools and techniques but it would be insufficient in promoting utilization of evaluation results. Evaluators acceptance by the participants and interpersonal sensitivity and trust for frank sharing of feedback is a must.This would modify their role as one of giving and receiving feedback rather than just receiving feedback. They have to be proactive than argumentative. 11. Effective communication and coordination are essential. Training and evaluation plans should be discussed so that there is commonality of purpose amongst the trainers, the evaluators and those sponsoring the trainees. 12. Reporting system of evaluative data should be simple, clear, adequate and available for interpretation. It requires the, evaluator to be se nsitive to the feelings of the guidance, has to be tactful and honest.As far as possible terminology used should be concise and free from jargons. 13. Realistic targets must be set. A sense of urgency no doubt is desirable but deadline that are unrealistically high will result in poor quality. 14. scratchtly, a trainer who is sincere about training, evaluation would perpetually insist on complete, objective and continuous feedback on the progress and deficiencies of training to be able to wield the momentum of the training Programme, its evaluation and subsequent betterment. Benefits of Evaluation Improved quality of training activities Improved ability of the trainers to relate inputs to outputs break down discrimination of training activities between those that are worthy of support and those that should be dropped Better integration of training offered and on-the job development Better co-operation between trainers and line-managers in the development of staff inferen ce of the contribution that training and development are making to the organization. Kirkpatricks Four- take Training Evaluation Model The four levels of Kirkpatricks evaluation model essentially measure 1. Reaction of student what they thought and felt about the training 2. encyclopaedism the resulting increase in knowledge and/or capability 3. Behavior extent of behavior and capability improvement and implementation/application 4. Results the effects on the business or environment resulting from the trainees performance train 1 Evaluation Reactions This level measures how participants in a training program react to the training. Every program should at least be evaluated at this level to answer questions regarding the learners perceptions and improve training. This level gains knowledge about whether the participants wish the training and if it was applicable to their work.Negative reactions reduce the possibility of learning. Evaluation tools Program evaluation erectvas tents Face-to-face questions thespian comments throughout the training Ability of the course to maintain interest Amount and appropriateness of interactive exercises sleep of navigation in Web-based and computer-based training Participants perceived value and transferability to the workplace This type of evaluation is inexpensive and well-fixed to administer using interaction with the participants, paper forms and online forms. Level 2 Evaluation LearningLevel 2 evaluations are conducted before training (pre-test) and after training (post-test) to assess the amount of learning that has occurred due to a training program. Level 2 evaluations assess the extent learners have advanced in knowledge, skills or attitude. Level 2 evaluation methods range from self-assessment to team assessment to informal to formal assessment. Evaluation tools Individual pre- and post-training tests for comparisons judging of action based learning such as work-based projects and role-plays O bservations and feedback by peers, managers and instructors. Level 3 BehaviorLevel 3 involves the extent to which learners implement or transfer what they learned. This level differentiates between knowing the principles and techniques and using them on the job. Potential methodologies include formal testing or informal observation. This level of evaluation takes place post-training when the learners have returned to their jobs and is used to determine whether the skills are being used and how well. It typically involves contact with the learner and someone about involved with the learner, such as the learners supervisor. Evaluation tools Individual pre- and post-training tests or play alongs Face-to-face interviews Observations and feedback from others Focus groups to gather information and share knowledge. Level 4 Evaluation- Results This evaluation measures the success of the training program in term that executives and managers bed understand such as increased production, increased sales, decreased costs, improved quality, reduced frequency of accidents, higher(prenominal) profits or return on investment, positive changes in management style or in general behavior, increase in engagement levels of direct ports and favorable feedback from customers, peers and subordinates.Methods of Evaluation of Training Programs It is extremely big to assess the result of any training program. The participant must be made aware of the goals and objectives of the training program and on completion of the training program, they should be asked about the impact of the concerned training program. Evaluation of any program is a difficult task and more so of a training program. The starting line step toward evaluation of a training program is to define the goals and objectives of the training program. These goals and objectives should be stated in such format so that they can be measured statistically.Also both the trainer and the trainees most be well acquainted with t heir role in the training Program In the evaluation of any training program. The first requirement is to collect valid and reliable data. The required data can be collected by using the fowling techniques. (12) 1. self-importance assessments answer sheets. 2. Question confronted by the trainees. 3. Assessing the collected information and observation. 4. Final result based on earlier information plus the new data to each one method of data collection has its advantages and disadvantages. Which need to taken into Consideration?The merits and demerits of each method are as follows. Merits of Self Assessment 1. The cost gene is quite low. 2. Data can easily collect. 3. Time consumption of the trainer and trainee is negligible. 4. Outside interference is completely avoided. 5. Effective relationships develop between the trainees. 6. Well designed answer sheet can produce healthy results. Demerits of Self Assessment 1. Self assessment is basically self evaluation which can be based of b iased responses. The assessment must have enough reliability so as to draw right conclusion in regard to individual assessment. . The responses outflown by the trainees can be based on misrepresentation or misinterpretation of the questions asked. Thus self assessment questions should be small and easy to understand . in addition . no information should be sleeked which will humiliate the trainees. 3. The information provided by the trainees cannot be evaluated in terms of their pass upness. All the trainees do not prefer to give the required information lest it may be used against at any point of time. All these problems can be easily solved. Self assessment is basically adhered to by all the training programs.However what is valuable to consider is to make proper effective use of this technique as the trainees provide valuable information which the trainer can use to formulate training strategy. The second requirement for evaluating a training program is concerned with the eva luation of the training program when part of the training program has been completed. The time factor must be decided before the program is initiated and the evaluation criteria must be determined before the training program begins. The first evaluation will give adequate information to the trainers whither the program moving toward create verbally direction.At the same time trainees will be able to assess the value of the program in terms of its needs and usefulness. It is extremely important to realize whether the trainees have understood the need and importance of the training program. As this stage adequate data should be collected from the trainees to make proper evaluation of the training program. The collect data, interview and questionnaire methods can be most effective. Interviews can be conducted by seeking information face to face, by means of telephone, or by other strategies like group discussions etc.Each of these methods has its own merits and demerits. Merits of Int erviews 1. Face to face interviews ensure some response, if any responses need to be clarified. The trainer can do so instantly. Similarly if the trainees want any clarification, the same can do immediately. This helps in ensuring correct information. 2. As far telephone interviews are concerned though there is lack of personnel touch. The trainee does not feel the pressure of the interviewer to give answers that suit the trainer. The trainer can answer all those question that are complex in nature.These answers have far more validity as the responses are without any pressure. Demerits of Interviews 1. The interview is a lengthy and costly process as it requires trained and skilled personal to get results that are reliable. 2. Another important drawback is the possibility of the trainer being involved in the interview. 3. Data collected through interview methods may be out of date and hence difficult to interpret. A primary survey was done using a detailed questionnaire as a tool. T he survey helped in establishing an understanding f all the four levels of evaluation reaction, learning, changes and results. The survey used the entire population of participants who attended the training programs of the mental institution over the selected three years. The institution on an average trained 3000 participants every year from across the dry land in its 100 training programs per year. The questionnaire had three main parts I. Personal details to build the pen of the participants II. Effectiveness of Program was studied with key questions on whether the objectives of rural development were met within the program.The participants were asked to rate the program content and design on the basic inputs of knowledge, skills and attitudes. III. Professional relevance of training was evaluated with key questions asking how relevant the program content was for meeting the local needs and whether there was enough practical application which could be used for working or tr ansferring the knowledge to functionaries further down the line. It also probed whether the learning could be overlap with other colleagues in the organization and lastly whether the course had helped in the organizational performance.Merits and Demerits of Questionnaire Questionnaires in one form or another do appear in all kinds of research and surveys. Hence it is extremely vital that the questionnaire is framed with utmost care so that it measures the variable inexactly the way it has been designed for. Once the initial design has been in good order framed, a pre _ test must be conducted to find out whether the questions mean the same thing to the trainer and the trainee if bring inappropriate the questionnaire should be redesigned and a pilot survey should be conducted.If found appropriate. Full survey should be conducted and if found inappropriate the questionnaire should be redesigned again. The reliability and validity of the questionnaire should be properly evaluated befo re going in for full survey. In regard to collection of data. It may be observed, As with any method of data collection it is vital to plan how the data is to be collected. However with this method, since it does not usually involve the design of some sort of formal survey instrument such as questionnaire.It is all too easy to leap straight in without a plan. This can lead to a considerable waste of time and without a plan. This can lead to a considerable waste of time and even worse the wrong data being collected-so the message is plan and design your desk research in the same way as you would any more formal survey. Database In the first instance, the database of 9000 participants was cleaned for missing name calling and incomplete addresses. The questionnaire was then affix to all the participants together with a stamped self-addressed envelope.Three reminders were also posted over a period of three months to the trainees who had not replied. Questionnaires were also posted to e-mail ids wherever available. The replies current were tabulated in the SPSS format and analyzed. BARRIERS TO EFFECTIVE TRAINING EVALUATION * Lewis and Thorn hill, (1994) state that evaluation results that do not reflect positive changes or positive results may be a function of an incorrect decision to conduct training. This decision may have been taken higher in the organizations hierarchy. Companies part to do training evaluations correctly and thus do not obtain valid business or performance results (Sims, 1993). * According to Mann (1996) the question of what to evaluate is crucial to the evaluation strategy. The failure of training programme evaluations can be attributed to inadequate planning or design, lack of objectivity, evaluation errors of one sort or another, ill-timed interpretation of results and inappropriate use of results and lack of sponsorships and lack of budget (Abernathy, 1999Goldstein, 1993 Sims, 1993).ISSUES OR DILEMMAS IN EVALUATING TRAINING PROGRAMS A. Perceptions and attitudes of learners about evaluation. For example, trainees seem to respond best to evaluation when The instrument or technique is clear, sensible, agreed on (or expected), well-planned, and compound in the training design and they understand the purpose of evaluation and see it as part of the training process. B. Is learning measurable, Observable? Can we measure or objectify the important leanings? C. Is training cost effective? Example Does it increase roductivity, reduce absenteeism, lower turnover? D. Confidentiality and other uses of evaluation Ethical uses? E. Who can really measure adult learning but the learner? F. Systems-level evaluation of programs The pilot var. The model phase The institutionalization phase FOLLOW UP A COMPONENT OF EVALUATION A. Evaluation of Training on the business line Behavioral change Results of application B. Help in Practical Applications External services such as coaching consultancy Help by superiors and colleagues C. Furt her Personal Development On-the-job Further training courses D. contact with Former Participants Personal contacts Associations Information and conferences Alumni peer mentor in. Assessing the costs and benefits of training To conduct a extreme evaluation of a training program, it is important to assess the costs and benefits associated with the program. This is difficult to do but may he important for showing top management the value of training for the organization. For example, in one case, the net return of a training program for bank supervisors was calculated to be $148,400 over a 5-years period.Generally, a utility model would be used to estimate the value of training (benefits minus costs). Some of the costs that should be measured for the training program include needs assessment costs, salaries of training designers, purchase of equipment (computers, video, handouts), program development costs, evaluation costs, trainers costs (e. g. , salaries, travel, lodging, meals), f acilities rental, trainee wages during training, and other trainee costs (e. g. , travel, lodging, meals).It is important to compare the benefits of the training program with its costs. One benefit that should be estimated is the dollar payback associated with the improvement in trainees performance after receiving training. Since the results of the observational design will indicate any differences in behavior between whose trained and those untrained, the HR schoolmaster can estimate for that particular group of employees (e. g. managers, engineers) what this difference is worth in terms of the salaries of those employees.Another factor that should be considered when estimating the benefits of training is the duration of the trainings impact-that is, the length of time during which the improved performance will be maintained. While probably no programmes will show benefits forever, those that do incur longer-term improved performance will have greater value to the organization. Conclusion The Evaluation of any training program has indisputable aims to fulfill. These are concerned with the determination of change in the organizational behavior and the change needed in the organizational structure.Hence evaluation of any training program must inform us whether the training program has been able to deliver the goals and objectives in terms of cost incurred and benefits achieved. The analysis of the information is the concluding part of any evaluation program. The analysis of data should be summarized and then compared with the data of other training programs exchangeable nature. On the basis of these comparisons, problems and strength should be identified which would help the trainer in his future training programs.