The Importance of Public Speaking. Essay

Public speaking can be defined as continuous formal presentation to an audience made by a presenter . Most of the time, people use public speaking to deliver vital messages to the public in proper way. As its name implies, it is a way of communication that will make our ideas public. Through public speaking, we share our ideas with people and it may influence people’s thoughts. Nowadays, many people around the world use public speaking to spread their ideas and influence such as Franklin Roosevelt, Billy Graham, Martin Luther King, and Barack Obama. Although public speaking requires the same skills as used in normal conversation, public speaking and conversation is not identical. Public speaking involves talking in front of a group of people, usually with some preparation. It can be in front of people that you know or a crowd of strangers unlike normal conversation which does not requires preparation to talk. Public speaking is important to everyone regardless what kind of job. Most people, at some point in their life, will need to stand up and speak in front of a group of people. According to Michael Osborn (2003), people seldom speak in public unless they have some idea that they wish to deliver to people. Mostly, we do need to speak in public speaking when we have something to share with other people. Moreover, public speaking is also needed for career purpose and for educational purpose. The time we speak in a public setting is when we decide to speak on matters of importance, or when we are asked to speak about experiences and expertise or when we are required to speak. For instance, Lois Gibbs prior to 1978 who described herself as â€Å"typical American women†, decided to speak out about 20 000 tons of toxic chemicals were buried beneath her home in New York after she learned about it . Ryan White, a child who involved in public speaking after been asked to share and speak about his experience – infected by AIDS virus after received a blood transfusion (Griffin, 2003). According to Rudolph F Verderber (2008), public speaking is one type of human communication which occurs within the public communication context. Imagine, for a moment, that human beings could not speak and could not communicate  ideas about science, current events, and topics as mundane as the weather. It is only then that one can understand the benefits of social communication, especially public speaking. Public speaking may be the most frightening thing as one must stand up in front of mass umber off people. However, it has many benefit such as it builds self-confidence, develops one’s critical thinking skills, it can develops personal and professional skills, it creates community, and lastly it can influence the world and can change people’s thoughts. First of all, public speaking can help us build self-confidence. Based on recent surveys, almost 75 percent of adult population fears public speaking. (Mc Croskey, 1993; Richmond and Mc Croskey, 1995). It is proven that most of people would prefer to be listener than a speaker. Fear and nervousness are factors that discouraging people from being a public speaker. According to most studies, public speaking is number one people’s fear and death is number two. This means that if someone have to go to a funeral, they are better off in the casket than doing eulogy (Seinfeld, 1993, p. 120). However, many people do not realize that public speaking will help us feel more confident. Nervousness because of stage fright is normal and most of public speakers experienced it. The major reasons of nervousness are fear of being stared at, fear of failure, fear of rejection and fear of the unknown . In order to be more confident, one must know the right way to handle the nervousness. According to Lucas E. 2012, one of the key to gain confidence is by doing preparation thoroughly and picking a topic that we really know it well. Next, we must think positively. Confidence is a well-known power of positive thinking (Lucas, 2012). Then, we have to remember that most nervousness is not visible. Therefore, knowing this will make it easier for us to be confident and face the audience. After few times doing public speaking, we will automatically develop self-confidence in speechmaking abilities and we will likely become more confident in other aspect . As a result, many people especially those who have high level of public speaking anxiety (PSA), feel more confident and competent after they have done several times of public speaking. Next, public speaking can help improve communication and personal skills. One of the best benefits of learning to give a good speech is it brings personal satisfaction (Hamilton, 2003). When  we successfully deliver a good speech, the kind of personal satisfaction you experience is unparalleled. A positive response from the audience can help us feel more confident. Thus, it can bring about a lot of improvement in our overall personality. Public speaking is interrelated with communication skills and can be described as a form of communication. Public speaking does not always mean that we have to give a speech to a large audience. When we go for an interview, and speak to a group of interviewers or when we are giving a class presentation; all these are also forms of public speaking. In such situations, if we have the ability to communicate properly, it can help us shape up our future as the personal skills has been improved. Nowadays, most of employers look for employees who can listen carefully, present ideas clearly and think critically. Requirement for higher-level positions is communication skills. Therefore, the ability to present thoughts clearly and persuasively that we gained from public speaking will lead to job success (Jaffe, 2004). Besides that, public speaking can improve critical thinking skills. Lucas in his book described critical thinking as the ability to detect weakness in other people’s arguments and it involves skills such as ability to differentiate fact from opinion, to judge the credibility of statements and to assess the soundness of evidence. It is also the ability to see clearly the relationship among ideas (Lucas, 2012, p.16). Writing a speech requires a lot of careful thought. It’s not enough to have a message; we also need to figure out how to deliver the message to fit the needs of audience. According to Lucas (2012), organizing a speech is not only about arranging ideas but it is an important part of shaping the ideas themselves. We have to think how to make points which are relevant to audience and how to make the audience understand the message. Thinking in this way is a great way to improve critical thinking skills. If we start thinking critically about the speaking style, we may also find ways to improve our general communication style. For instance, to make a good speech, we need to think how to make arguments strong and how to make the structure of the speech clear and cohesive. Therefore, this situation makes us become a more effective thinker and we can enhance our ability to think clearly. For that reason, public speaking has been included as a part of education to develop the skills of  critical thinking among students. Furthermore, public speaking can be used to influence the world and can change people’s thought. Many people around the world have spread their influence through public speaking. The examples of people who used public speaking to spread influence are Martin Luther, Barack Obama, Billy Graham in United States while in other countries, the power of public speaking employed by people such as former British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, South African leader Nelson Mandela and Burmese democracy champion Aung San Su Kyi . Unlike usual conversations, public speaking contains purpose and responsibility in many every interaction. Public speakers use their knowledge of persuasion to motivate others to take collective action to achieve desired goals. Public speaking skills can be used to influence multiple people simultaneously, such as in a meeting or when addressing a large group. This is why it has power to influence others. We can use public speaking to persuade others to believe or accept our ideas. In addition, public speaking affects cultures. According to Jaffe (2004), culture are not static, which means it can be shaped and it mold our way of life often through public speaking continuously. Public speaking has influenced culture throughout history. Both women and men have spoken on issues that transformed culture. Most historical events have some form of public speaking associated with it. According to Pearce (1998), public speakers attempt to influence society in few ways. First, some hope to spread cultural beliefs, values, attitudes and behaviors to people who do not hold them. Second, speakers reinforce or strengthen existing cultural elements. They encourage listeners to continue with the current behaviors and elements. For instance, a politician influence citizen to keep voting, and pastors urge their effort to continue feeding the hungry. Next, some speakers attempt to restore matters to a healthy state when events threaten to split apart communities. Besides, speakers try to change their societies by bringing about social change . This is because public speaking can be persuasive which can influence the culture. Indeed, cultures are changing and uncertain. Public speakers use this opportunity to transmit cultural beliefs and behavior. They also persuade audiences to change their ways of  thinking or acting. As a conclusion, public speaking is a form of communication to make our ideas public. It is a medium to share our thoughts and it can influence people. Although many people are afraid of speaking in public setting, it actually can boosts self-confidence. Based on Lucas’ opinion, one way to overcome nervousness and become more confident is by doing preparation thoroughly. Moreover, public speaking also helps to develop critical thinking skills. To convince people, we must plan our speech wisely. This needs us to think deeply and critically in order to influence people about the ideas that we share. Therefore, it will improve the critical thinking as we have to think how to make audience understand the message. What is more, public speaking improves our communication skills and personal skills. When we learnt how to deliver speech effectively, our skills will be better after few times doing the public speaking. According to Hamilton (2013), the improved skills will bring personal satisfaction to individual. Next, public speaking can influence the world and change people’s thoughts. Hamilton (2003) said, public speakers usually used the knowledge of persuasion to change people’s mind and accept their ideas. This is what makes the public speaking very influential. Bibliography Gregory, H. (2012). Public Speaking for College & Career. McGraw-Hill. Griffin, C. L. (2003). Invitation to Public Speaking. Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth. Griffin, C. L. (2003). Invitation To Public Speaking. Belmont: Thomson Wadsworth. Hamilton, C. (2003). Essentials of Public Speaking (5th ed.). Boston: Wadsworth Cengage. Jaffe. (2004). Introduction to Public Speaking and Culture (4th ed.). Belmont: Holly J. Allen. Jaffe. (2004). Public Speaking Concepts and Skills for a Diverse Society (4th ed.). Belmont, CA: Holly J. Allen. Lucas, S. E. (2012). The Art of Public Speaking (11th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Companies. Lucas, S. E. (2012). The Art Of Public Speaking (11th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Education. Micheal Osborn, S. O. (2003). Pubulic Speaking Instructor’s Annotated Edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. Rudolph F Verderber, D. D. (2008). The Challenge of Effective Speaking (15th ed.). USA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Sellnow,  D. D. (2003). Public Speaking: A Process Approach Media Edition. Thonson Wadsworth.

Earth from Space Essay

The American astronaut Edgar Mitchell once described the earth from outer space as â€Å"a sparkling blue and white jewel,† a â€Å"light, delicate sky-blue sphere† outlined with â€Å"swirling veils of white† amidst a â€Å"thick sea of black mystery. † Indeed, the earth in space looks like a lonely sphere with neighbors separated by vast distances other than its one moon. More importantly, one can barely recognize the subtle details of the planet’s geographical features except the wide oceans and its land mass surrounded by water. From a distance, one cannot tell for certain that in that lonely planet lived billions of people going about their own ways day and night. If there are authorities who fit the role of describing the earth in space, no other groups of people can best fit that role other than the astronauts who for at least once or for a few times were able to catch a glimpse of our planet. Aleksei Lenov, a USSR astronaut, said that â€Å"the earth was absolutely round† while American astronaut Charles Walker’s attention was immediately caught by â€Å"a panorama of brilliant deep blue ocean† with â€Å"shades of green and grey and white† upon reaching outer space. There are still countless others who had the rare opportunity to take a look at the earth from such a distance afforded by the outer space. In general, it can be said that the astronauts took much notice of the more general features of the earth, focusing on the earth as a whole and not in terms of the multitude of land and water varieties that comprise it on closer inspection. That perhaps owes up to the fact that the view of the earth from outer space barely gives the viewer a broader look at our planet. Thus, the view of the earth in space only affords us several aspects of the earth to describe. For instance, one can easily recognize the seemingly boundless bodies of water occupying the larger regions of the earth. Take for instance the prominence of the Pacific Ocean as commonly illustrated in numerous books, magazines and scientific journals. Since much of the earth is covered in water, and much of the planet’s water comes from the Pacific Ocean, it is only expected from astronauts to immediately take notice of the Pacific. Satellite images also reveal how almost a third of the earth is comprised of those vast quantities of sea water, thereby prompting observers to not fail to see the deep blue blanket of water surrounding the lands and the people. More importantly, perhaps it is only through the view from outer space are we able to see the drastic effects of every tree cut down and a whole range of rainforests razed by fires and human activities. We may not be able to recognize the massive effect of these things right from the earth, but from outer space one may not fail to acknowledge the largeness of the scale of environmental degradations which have occurred through the years. It is only from that view from the outer space that we are able to see as well the vastness of the deserts that may soon become of the forests destroyed from cutting trees for daily human consumption. Although astronauts say there are still â€Å"green† parts of the earth as the view from outer space reveals, it can hardly be denied that much of the parts of the earth have remained the same over the past years, especially when the view of the earth from the past is compared to what it is today. Indeed, the chance to view the earth from outer space is the chance of a lifetime as only a very few selected number of individuals are given that rare moment. Moments like those experienced by the astronauts give us accounts of how our planet looks like, including its more general land, water and atmospheric features which, when taken altogether, offer a comprehensive understanding of the only â€Å"living† planet in the solar system thus far. Reference Hamilton, C. J. (1997). Earth from Space. Retrieved July 4, 2008, from http://www. solarviews. com/eng/earthsp. htm

Literature: the Legend of Sleepy Hollow and Katrina Van Tassel

A. Compare and contrast the characters of Ichabod Crane and Brom Van Brunt. Think about their job/social class position. Think about the different ways that they behave in general, and also toward Katrina Van Tassel. Think about how they experience each other. In the story the legend of sleepy hollow, the story takes place in lower region of New York in a town called Tarrytown. In the city of Tarrytown the town of Sleepy Hollow had received its name, for all the haunted spooky things that happened there, and the legendary story of the Headless horseman. There are several important characters that make up the story. Two with very important significance are Ichabod Crane and Brom Van Brunt. Ichabod Crane was a native from Connecticut who had moved to Sleepy Hollow to instruct the children of the Vicinity. He was a tall, lanky man who if looked at bared a resemblance to a scarecrow. He was a superstitious school teacher of the children in the town. He was a smart, yet easy lived man. Scholar man yet looked like he was famished and had not eaten in weeks, skinny long lanky arms and legs small head with big eyes. Brom Van Brunt on the other hand had bad intentions. He was a muscular good looking man who was very strong. He only cared about money, inheritance, and telling stories to scare people of the headless horseman. The one thing Brom Van Brunt and Ichabod Crane had in common was they both wanted to win the hand of Katrina Van Tressel. The only child of the Dutch farmer. Both men were after the same thing but behaved very differently. Ichabod was genuine, where as Brunt was not. He only wanted power and money. He wasn’t after love like crane was. He thought by telling scary stories of the headless horseman galloping through the woods hunting down people and killing them. Brunt enjoyed telling these stories to scare crane while he would be out alone in the woods. They both tried to steal the heart of Katrina. The difference between the characters is Crane had been kind and smart and his scholarly ways helped earn respect from Katrina, who he had wanted to ask him to marry her. Where as brunt only had his tough macho man ways which didn’t score much trust or liking from Katrina. There social classes were completely different. Crane was smart, kind, friendly and helpful with the children. He had gained respect from the mothers in town. Brunt didn’t he was the town rowdy. Wasn’t as mature as Crane was.

The Effects of Globalization and Economic Expansion on Russia Research Paper

The Effects of Globalization and Economic Expansion on Russia - Research Paper Example As a result of this, Russia obtained international acknowledgement as the sovereign successor to the Soviet Union. Russia was honored with a permanent seat to represent the Soviet Union in the United Nations Security Council, and various positions in regional and international organizations. 7 Russia sits on both Europe and Asia. However, it is neither Asian nor European in its standpoint and culture. Russia has remained the largest country in the world, even after the division of the Soviet Union in 1991. Ziegler points out that the nation â€Å"occupies about 6.6 million square miles of territory, and is nearly twice the size of the United States. From East to West, the country stretches over 5,000 miles and occupies 11 time zones† (1). After the breakup of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, Russia abandoned much of its access to the Black sea. As a result of this fragmentation, Russia was left smaller, landlocked, and geographically isolated. The former Soviet Union w as the third-largest nation in the world with a population of approximately two hundred and ninety million people. Despite the fact that Russia is physically the largest nation in the world, its population has been declining over the years. In this regard, it becomes the ninth largest nation in the world following â€Å"China, India, the United States, Indonesia, Brazil, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Nigeria† (Ziegler 2) in terms of population. Over eighty percent of the population of Russia lives on the western side of the nation, while the rest of the population lives in Siberia and Russia’s Far East. 8 Western Russia is populated with majority of Russia’s roads, railways, and air routes. Ziegler asserts that â€Å"Siberia is extremely rich in natural resources-oil, natural gas, gold, diamonds, furs, and timber-but much of its wealth is virtually inaccessible or very costly to extract due to the country’s weak transportation system† (2). Today, Russi a is more ethnically united compared to the former Soviet Union and imperial Russia. This is because before the downfall of the Soviet Union, it had only fifty one percent ethnic Russians. However, the Russian Federation today comprises of eighty two percent ethnic Russians. Tatars are the second largest ethnic group in the Russian Federation; the group comes from Mongols descendants, who controlled the lands in Russia in the thirteenth century. Three percent of Russia’s population comprises of the Ukrainians, who are Russian’s Slavic cousins. Twelve percent of the population is made up of Jews, Germans, Belarusians, Turkic people, Caucasians, and small tribes form Siberia. The ethnic groups in Russia generally relate very well, but from time to time, outbursts of violence occur against non-Russians. 9 According to Ziegler â€Å"Russia as a whole lies much further north than the United States; in this sense it is more comparable to Canada† (2). Russia has a lot of fertile agricultural land, but its location in the north results in cold weather and very short growing seasons. As a result of this, most crops do not fare well on Russian soil. When it was part of the Soviet Union, Russia had great cropland. This was however lost when the Soviet Union was dissolved, great cropland located in Kazakhstan and Ukraine was lost. Crops grown in Russia include rye, winter wheat, potatoes and sugar

[Australian Undergraduate] Important Finance group project Assignment

[Australian Undergraduate] Important Finance group project - Assignment Example The construction would incur maintenance and utility cost from the drainage and the dike systems, the solid wastes and the recycling of materials that were not used after completion of the construction process. Besides, other cost associated with maintenance and utilities include the sewer system, water supply, operations and maintenance, constructions of the systems that still need polishing up and the salaries and benefits of the employees. The average daily cost is represented in the diagram below for all the utilities. These costs represent estimates computed for the first three months to obtain the daily cost in the first 90 days. However, it is likely that the amount may be slightly higher during the first one month. The values will fall thereafter with the third and fourth months and even subsequent duration recording lower values owing to the decreasing utilities and maintenance requirement. The breakeven analysis helps in the determination of the point at which the management can know whether the business attains a level that it makes neither losses nor profits (Tucker, 1963). It is also the point that the cost of production for the business equals the sales, hence no profit. Although breakeven is a firsthand tool for the assessment of the health status of the business by showing how the uncertainties may be critical for the venture, it does not capture market dynamics. Every market should be considered as dynamic because the trends may vary depending on several conditions. The changing trends dictate pricing and changes in the prices at large. Breakeven analysis does not take into accounts these trends, so it may give a general outlook that has an impact on expectations (Tucker, 1963). Since breakeven analysis involves adjustment of variables so that the values can give a figure of $0 NPV, and that each variable undergoes adjustment one at a time, it does not capture the possible effects that may influence two or more variables together.

Organizational Behaviour Case Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Organizational Behaviour Case Analysis - Essay Example Motivation Motivation in simplest terms can be defined as a means of providing motives. Motives can act towards making the work, towards doing a job more efficiently or for distorting the work environment. The lack of any positive motivation by the managers often results in an automatic provisioning of negative motivation. Motivation may be defined as the state of an individual’s perspective which represents the strength of his/ her natural inclination to exert efforts towards some particular behavior. How somebody makes use of his/ her efforts towards a goal is determined by the motivating/ de-motivating factors. It is through their behavior that employees give expression to their commitment to work, level of motivation and their attitudes. Maslow has detailed five hierarchies of needs for someone to put in their best foot forward. But in this scenario, the only need that seems to matter the most is the ‘physiological need’. The freelancers are getting paid for the efforts being made at the call centre. As for the other needs, Tom can certainly not promise the part-time workers job for a fixed period or good perks, better working conditions etc. This rules out the safety needs. The Belonging needs play a role when the freelancers are not supposed to develop a sense a belonging with the organization. At best some of the freelancers can work for the sake of friendly relations with Tom. Esteem needs and self-actualization needs come into picture only when the individual foresees a future for himself in the organization or develops a deep rooted affinity for the organization and sets a goal for himself or herself in the organization or amongst the society. At the most the freelancers can set for themselves the goal of spending some quality time with the call-centre, remaining in the good books of Tom and continuing some extra bucks in the evening hours. Therefore Tom basically needs to motivate the freelancers to put their best foot forward. It has been observed that while some of the part-timers are indeed quite effective in collecting the information, there are some others who have not been performing well. The payments are being handed out to all the workers at the end of the week. This being a 'off the book' operation, no systematic performance appraisal is done by the man in charge. But, it needs to be emphasized here that if such practice is allowed to continue for long, it will have an adverse impact even on those who seemed to enjoy their evening talking with people and recording their details. Therefore, Tom needs to put in place some mechanism which takes care of such aberrations and improves the efficiency levels as well. Here all the employees basically belong to the same hierarchy and there are no means to differentiate between their levels. Therefore, Tom will have to come out with ideas rewarding good performances while discouraging reluctant performers. This will certainly help in motivating the good tele -callers

Research report Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Report - Research Paper Example An understanding of these web-technologies will require a research report in order to understand them. Ajax and Google analytics will be examined and investigated in order to provide an understanding and finally implement them in the product. Functional and non-functional requirements will be addressed in the research report. Table of Contents Introduction 4 Review of Literature and Technologies 5 System Requirement Analysis 9 Project Rationale 9 Functional Requirements 10 Non-functional Requirements 13 Booking Websites Design Patterns 13 The technologies that will be used 15 CSS – Cascading Style Sheets and HTML 5 15 JavaScript and JQuery 16 AJAX 16 PHP and MySQL 17 Proposed Methodology 17 Summary or Conclusion 18 Introduction There is no doubt that since the 1960s, the internet has matured has now become one of the most common technologies used in the world. It has nonetheless become a valuable and new form of communication that has effectively collapsed all physical and geo graphical barriers. There are many reasons given for its success, one of them is the simplicity of its architecture which can be summarised as being a network of networks. Clients can make request to a computer via several protocols such as TCP/IP, Domain Name Servers (DNS) are used to lookup URL requests and translate words into IP addresses. One of the key recent milestones in the internet has been the emergence of internet 2.0. The benefits of this have been exploited by developers and corporations and thus the explosion of apps such as Skype, video on demand, API’s and interactive games have become one of the most common features of internet usage today. Other advantages include not having to refresh a whole page, page state can be maintained and inputted text is also saved (Campesato & Nilson 2010). All of these factors ensure a much smoother experience for the user. In this regard, the internet has become a more competitive marketing tool in the tourism and hospitality industry (Doolin et al. 2002). It has today become a common feature for travellers and tourists worldwide to rely on the power and capability of the internet powered by web 2.0 technologies to interact with businesses all over the world. They are able to gather information on prices, offers, packages, and destinations online or from the internet, conveniently, at least, at the comfort of their homes, offices, or even while on the move (Gaona et al. 2013). The latter is facilitated by the advanced in technology with regards to the capability of handheld devices including smartphones, laptops, and tablet computers (Greenspan 2004). Further, many hoteliers, and tour operators are regarding the internet/web as the new, cost-effective, and efficient distribution, marketing and customer care environment; thus most of them are taking advantage these e-services, specifically, online booking or reservation system. In order to facilitate the development of a system which can meets its goals a nd is also efficient, research suggests that the different elements of the system such as the interface code, server side scripting code and database code be separated. This is a common theory which industry has adopted because it allows people with different skills to develop a system simultaneously. This concept or is often termed N-tier architecture (B’Far 2005) and will be incorporated into the project. Developing online booking systems has many advantages both for the client and the business that provides online

Practice & Communication In Social Work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Practice & Communication In Social Work - Essay Example Many of the groups that a person is a member of can impact greatly on their lives – either positively or negatively. Throughout the ages, writers and researchers have been interested in the dynamics of groups. How a group forms, how it changes over time, how it comes to an end, and how a group structures itself, has been investigated by numerous researchers (Adams, 1990). What I have come to learn from this course is that to understand others, I need to understand group processes. For this semester’s social work course, a reflective journal assignment was set, focusing on my working within a group. I was in group D and our task was to raise money or provide Service User support for a local charity of our choice. I was at this stage of the course aware that our group would go through a process of stages, and so I chose Tuckman’s model (1965), that he later revised in 1977. The aim of this report is to evaluate the effectiveness of the group and my contribution to the group over the semester. Tuckman’s (1951) model of group dynamics states that all groups go through four stages: forming, storming, norming and performing. Tuckman contends that groups usually form when people test the boundaries of others. We had ample opportunity to do this, I think to our advantage, as we all knew each other from this class. I was fortunate to have mostly teamed up with people who had similar motivation levels to me. However, on reflection I can see how being placed into a group, instead of choosing one myself to be in, would represent many group formations in the professional world. In the workforce, people are often put into teams without having a choice.

Themes & Corresponding Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Themes & Corresponding - Essay Example Smith and Gordimer are able to use these female characters to in their literary works to depict the manner in which the society treats them, because of the color of their skin, as well as their racial background. The short story by Gordimer and the poem by Smith all depict the life of a black woman. Altikriti (2011) explains that racialism and ethnicity are vices that people experience on a day to day basis. On most occasions, black people are always discriminated upon, by the whites or the Caucasians. Furthermore, Altikriti (2011) explains that racialism and ethnicity was a subject that was difficult to discuss, mainly because of the emotions that it could bring forth. These two literary pieces of art are about ethnicity and racialism. Both the short story and the poem give a discussion of ethnicity and racialism. For instance, in the short story, there is a love relationship between Thebedi, a black woman, and Paulus, the son of the master of Thebedi. Altikriti (2011) explains that this relationship between Paulus and Thebedi was forbidden because of the racial nature of Thebedi. She was a black woman, and the black’s were not allowed to inter-marry with the whites. The relationship between Thebedi and Paulus emanated from their childhood romance, into adulthood, resulting to the pregnancy of Thebedi, without the knowledge of Paulus who had gone to study. This passage is able to show the love that existed between Thebedi, and Paulus, Gordimer in her 1975 piece of work denotes that, â€Å"In one summer afternoon, when water was flowing in the river, and it was very hot outside, Thebedi wadded as they used to, when they were little children, the dress she wore was able to bunch modestly tucking into her leg s. The school girls that Paulus used to go swimming with at the pools or dams near the neighboring farms had their bikinis. However, the sight of their thighs and bellies had never made Paulus to feel

Thirty Years War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Thirty Years War - Essay Example The Thirty Year War marks the last of its kind-a religious conflict fought under political guises. Unlike other religious wars, however, the Thirty Years War is known much more for its destruction, destitution, and lingering consequences: All this was effected by religion. Religion alone could have rendered possible all that was accomplished, but it was far from being the SOLE motive of the war. Had not private advantages and state interests been closely connected with it, vain and powerless would have been the arguments of theologians; and the cry of the people would never have met with princes so willing to espouse their cause, nor the new doctrines have found such numerous, brave, and persevering champions. The Reformation is undoubtedly owing in a great measure to the invincible power of truth, or of opinions which were held as such. The abuses in the old church, the absurdity of many of its dogmas, the extravagance of its requisitions, necessarily revolted the tempers of men, already half-won with the promise of a better light, and favourably disposed them towards the new doctrines. The charm of independence, the rich plunder of monastic institutions, made the Reformation attractive in the eyes of princes, and t ended not a little to strengthen their inward convictions (Schiller, 2006, p. 2). UndoubtedUndoubtedly, Europe had suffered through centuries of warfare before the Thirty Years War started in 1618; and the history of warfare, sadly, did not end after the Thirty Years War ended in 1648. In fact, shortly after the war in 1945, some historians tried to revise the traditional image of the Thirty Years War by: ...suggesting that the numerous complaints about the destruction of towns, the cruelty of soldiers and in general about unmitigated plunder, pillage and atrocities should not really be taken seriously. Rather, it is argued, they are so many cases of special pleading by farmers and citizens in order to get taxes and other impositions reduced (Asch, 2000, p. 291). Essentially, historians have attempted to scale down the level of destruction and destitution caused by the Thirty Years War by claiming that these farmers and citizens raised complaints and exaggerated their claims regarding the war in an effort to receive tax waivers and reductions (Asch, 2000). However, many historians have dismissed these claims. This dismissal may be partially due to a treatise released during the height of the Thirty Years War written by Franciscus Bonbra in which he describes some of the atrocities committed by mercenary soldiers: "They would rape any woman who seemed halfway attractive, plunder the houses, destroy the crops and beat and torture the peasants to extort money. In the end they would set the entire village on fire" (Asch, 2000, p. 292). Bonbra's treatise helped to lend credibility to the argument that the claims of destruction were valid; since Bonbra's treatise was written as a theoretical treatise rather than a petition seeking support or tax wa ivers (Asch, 2000). In truth, the Thirty Years War left a wave of destruction unmatched until the 20th Century's World Wars. The destruction, whether caused through poor militaristic strategies, army composition, or overall famine and disease, led to several changes

Anti death penalty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Anti death penalty - Essay Example An example from the history tells us that in 1975, two African American men in Florida named Freddie Pitts and Wilber Lee were granted commutation after twelve long years awaiting death-penalty for the murder of two white men. Their conviction was as a result of constrained confessions, spurious testament and an adduced bystander. After a long time of nine-years of battle in the courts, a white confessed his guilt and Pitts and Wilber were granted absolution by the governor. Had their death-penalty not been delayed due to the court-battles, they would have naively executed (Bedau, November 10, 1999). The history of death penalty can be traced back to the eighteenth century (B.C) when the laws for it were established. As years passed these penalties were used all over the world to kill the guilty people. After the World War II the United States protected pregnant women, elders and children from these death penalties but did not abolish it completely. Over these years many countries ha ve abolished it but the United States still follows it to a certain extent (Death Penalty Information Center 2011). The proponents of the death-penalty justify it by biblical quotations to use death penalty as the ultimate punishment for murders and equivalent crimes. The bible says that the murders must be vindicated: life for life is what the bible says about murders. But the justifications presented cannot be applied in the modern world because of the ethics that apply these days. The bible’s quotation about life for life was for that time when the unjust and violent people were killing innocent and exemplary people. According to most of the people, the death-penalty should be abolished from the U.S and that the criminals must be given a chance to change themselves. Death row inmates can spend their time in the law library and interact with each other and somehow get the wind of the crime of what they have done and accept to change from the bottom of their hearts. The proc ess of death qualification was constitutionally challenged in Lockhart v. McCrea on the basis that it produces unrepresentative and doctrine procumbent juries. The United States Supreme Court rejected such challenges by questioning the truthiness of the relevant social science research. But according to me, the challenges made were completely just and the government should have had taken suitable steps in order to eradicate this barbaric act from the society (Guernsey 2010) The moral disengagement is also an aspect worth discussing in this regard. According to a study by Osofsky, Bandura and Zimbardo in 2005, they took direct words from the executioner. The executioner said that the ECG monitors are in front of him when he carries out the process. His duty is to push the syringe in the veins of the guilty and lower the heart beat of the guilty until it becomes flattened. The harder he pushes, the more flattened is the graph and once he empties the last injection, the pulse rate reac hes zero indicating that the guilty is now dead. He adds further that it is distraught to see someone die in front of him and leaves a great impact on him even after some days. This research helps to conclude that the executioner has vivid thoughts about the incident too as it is a harsh process to be carried out (Osofsky et al 2005). The opponents believe that death-penalty should be abolished because it is a barbaric act of murder which involves the death of an individual in a

Examine computer Forensics and Privacy Essay Example for Free

Examine computer Forensics and Privacy Essay Although the Fourth Amendment of the Constitution protects us from illegal searches and seizures, it left somewhat of a grey area when it came to electronic communications. With all the technological advances almost every person uses some kind of device to communicate electronically that goes out to the Internet. When using these devices to communicate information can be intercepted and even altered in some ways. Because of these advances in technology Congress has implemented laws to protect people from having information stolen or accessed illegally by individuals or even in some cases Law Enforcement. In the advent of Computer Forensics, certain guidelines must be met before obtaining any information either by intercepting the transmission, securing the device or acquiring the information by means of remotely connecting into the device. Several laws have been implemented to protect a person’s rights with regards to accessing their electronically stored data. The Wire Tap Act is one of these laws. This law prohibits any interception of a communication between two private parties without an order issued by a court. Any violation of this Act will result in criminal or civil liability, and a violation by governmental officials in a case could result in a suppression of that evidence. Both the Stored Wired and Electronic Communications Act, and the Pen Registers and Trap and Trace Devices Statute identify the need for protecting the privacy of individuals with regards to computers and the data within them. Initially this act was regarding phone numbers that an individual called, but since the implementation of the Patriot Act, I.P addresses can now be accessed along with emails ,communication ports, and what Web sites are being accessed from either your computer or cell phone. Investigators must obtain legal access to computers before obtaining any data from them. The case of Jamie Staley provided an example of how such an intrusion of computer privacy can in fact take place. This case involved the defendant Jamie Staley intercepting emails from members of her husband’s family with  information pertaining to a bitter divorce and child custody battle. Through computer forensic analysis it was determined that in fact Jamie had intercepted and in some cases altered electronic transmissions made by her ex husband’s grandparents and their attorney. This was clearly a violation of the Attorney Client privilege and also the Wire Tap Act, which clearly stated that electronic data being transmitted cannot be intercepted by a third party. An argument can also be made that the Stored Wired and Communications Act regarding accessing stored data had also been violated. When gathering evidence the individual who is responsible for the process has an obligation to obtain the data as accurately and responsibly as possible. Data must be collected both legally and proficiently, in order to protect the rights of the individuals being investigated. Both policies and procedures must be followed to protect the integrity, and reliability of the evidence being collected. Sources: 1. Stored Communications Act : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stored_Communications_Act 2. Pen Registers and Trap and Trace Devices https://ssd.eff.org/wire/govt/pen-registers 3. Computer Security and Forensics Law Checklist: By Josh Wepman http://www.ehow.com/list_6746948_computer-security-forensics-law-checklist.html

The Papa Johns Pizza Plan for India

The Papa Johns Pizza Plan for India 1. Executive Summary: Papa Johns Pizza is International well know brand in Pizza Industry and it is third largest in the world with more than 3500 outlets. As per the company Marketing director they said we are not really competing with dominos we are not in the same category. Dominos is more delivery and take always, while we offer a complete dining experience in addition to delivery and take away options. Also Papa Johns pizza is public company which having its head quarters at Louisville in USA. We had planned to open 4 outlets at the openings in India as per the target. Our target will be to first capture the pizza lovers and attract the customers of Dominos and Pizza hurt. Give people what they want. The free open market and government regulation to work in INDIA is quite helpful to what we had planned. Mix culture and good tourism industry had made to decide to take Papa Johns pizza to India. As it is major tourist attraction and well known for its hospitability. At last but not least we had some marketing strategy and plan to improve our business. We had a Potential growth in two products which has been introduced recently Pasta and Seafood Pizzas which has are just into the market. Once this gets moving then there wont be any stopping. 2. Business: 2. 1Company Overview Papa Johns International, Inc. is the third largest pizza company in the world with over 3,500 restaurants. It is a public company and traded in the NASDAQ stock market under the symbol PZZA. The headquarters located at Louisville, Kentucky, USA. It operates and franchises pizza delivery and carryout restaurants in United States (Domestic Market) include dine-in and restaurant-base delivery services in worldwide international market under the Papa Johns trademark. 2.2 Products and services Papa Johns operates (own-restaurants) and franchises pizza delivery, carryout restaurants in Domestic Market (US) and dine-in or restaurant-base delivery services in worldwide international market. Papa Johns provided 4 main categories products which are: Pizzas in 8 main choices: The works, The meats, Spicy Italian, Garden Fresh, Tuscan Six Cheese, Spinach Alfredo, BBQ Chicken and Bacon and Hawaiian BBQ Chicken Side items: Breadsticks, Garlic Parmesan Breadsticks, Cheese sticks, Chicken strips, Wings, Cinnamon pie, Apple pie, Sweet Sticks and Chocolate Pastry Delights Drinks: Coca-Cola soft drink products Dipping Source and Seasonings: Garlic, Pizza, Barbeque, Ranch, Cheese, Mustard, Pepperoncini, Anchovies, Jalapeà ±o Peppers, and Banana Peppers. 2.3 Situations and Risks Currently, from the 2009 annual report, the total sale revenue for 2009 was $1.11 billion. That was Papa Johns Pizza earned 11% market share after Pizza Hut (27.5%) and Domino (16.2%) which is their main competitors including the following Little Caesars getting 8.3% share. Source: Annual Meeting of Stockholder, 2010 Source: Annual Meeting of Stockholder, 2010 According to the 2009 financial crisis in United State, Papa Johns had closed 11 restaurants in domestic market compared to the previous year growth at 103 units in 2007 and 32 units in 2008. While new 100 restaurants open in the 2009 international market and international franchise system sales increased24%. Source: Papa Johns JP Morgan Gaming, Lodging, Restaurant Leisure Management Access Forum, 2010. In year 2010, they forecast the sale growth for domestic market will be between -1% (decline) and +1% by open around 40-60 new restaurants. And the company will focus more in international market and forecast to grow around 15% to 20% by trying to open 100 120 new restaurants worldwide in year 2010. In this report, well analyze and purpose the plan to expand the market in to INDIA that aligns with Papa Johns company plan. 3. Marketing Plan 3.1 Key Objective: The key objectives of Papa Johns pizza are as follows: Localizing the Menu as per the local taste and culture. Pricing and promotion as per the price range and the local people capacity to pay. Brand building through advertisement media and local newspaper. Going places literally to promote their brand and sales. 3.2 Media Coverage: To generate sales and profit for Papa John pizza, the benefits of the company should be communicated to the customers. The international marketing campaign like web page advertising and online marketing is very much needed. Other sales can be achieved through advertisement on Television, local magazines, newspaper, radio, poster and sponsorship to various local events in the city. 3.3 Marketing Descriptions: INDIA has a large market sector in tourism and information technology as well as the other products to export to other countries. A large number of factories are in INDIA and the environmental issue is a one consideration in INDIA. The majority of population is HINDU and they have strong Hindu culture in food production and restaurants in INDIA. 3.4Target Group As the population chart presented below, we will know that INDIA has a numerous Hindu ethic group of population. We also use fours marketing mix to receive the right Product, Place, Price, and Promotion in our franchise Papas pizza in INDIA. The highest number of population age is between15 to 64 years ages that it is represented at 64.3% of whole number of population in INDIA (the World fact book, 2010). Therefore, target group of our business will be this ethic group and the population who are aged between 15 to 64 years. 3.5 Marketing strategy: As Papas franchise is Fast food business, people can save their time to cook. We provide good delivery service for our customers. They can order online or calling to order. We also give our coupon discount online and customers can download to use voucher to purchase our pizza. The promotion will be followed the season and event in INDIA. We also supply the survey online to allow customers to make comment and require about our products and service. Hence, customers decision will be depended on ages group from each person to each person and people who live there and visit there. As the high visitor, it not difficult for our Papas pizza to catch up with the fast food market in INDIA. 4 PEST ANALYSES: 4.1POLITICAL ANALYSIS: It includes the regulations and Acts issued or regularised by INDIAN government. Some examples of them are: The factories Act 1948: States that to have an adequate and safety measures, also includes the safety of health and wealth for the workers working in factories. Minimum Wages Act, 1948: To provide a minimum fixation of wages to the employees who are applicable to engaged to any kind of skill, unskilled or clerical work. This act mainly works for the rights of workers. 4.2ECONOMIC TERNDS Indian Economy is quite Intersting, well say seems to emerging economy in economic expansion with the other countries like CHINA, Russia, MEXICO, Brazil. Because of its cheap labor it is always benifited for outsourcig of work from deveolped countries with strong manufacturing and industrial work. 4.3 Social and Environmental issues: With the Modern growth of economy and countries strong old cultural, India still has some extent of its old Myths and strong religious values which somewhat affects the business. Rather say India has strong Hindu religious background but there are various religious groups such as Islam, Christianity, which makes it a complete diverse nation. As the 80% is HINDU by religious the serving of Beef or pork is treated an objectionable in Indian cultural. There are lots of festive season out of which Diwali is one of the biggest one. As the British has ruled in India for decades they have certainly acquired the British way of doing Business. But before British Mughals has ruled in India so the culture has some mixed values with the architecture related to this. India has around 28 states and main 18 regionally languages. 4.4TECHNOLOGICAL PHASE Consumer food market is efficient in terms of production as of its national productivity, investment in research and development, innovation. Financial condition prevail INDIA from furthering the technological gap and capital intensity between formal and informal sectors. Productions system through innovation, design capability and product market push in INDIA is not up to the mark to leverage exogenous knowledge as to remote growth as per the quality and cost. 5 Porter Five Forces: Power of buyers: Concentration of buyers: As especially INDIA is a diverse country and the tourism as well as population is most dominant sector as per the business concern in INDIA. So the main concentration of buyers is always on the tourist as well as the people within the country. Differentiation: Well Papa John pizza is well known for its standardization in pizza industry. They have standard size, rate and quality so there will be no differentiation in their standards. Profitability of buyers: well, the hotel industry is well known business in INDIA. So buyers have very much hard competition among themselves. Also buyers have very wide range of choice to select the product. Power of suppliers: Concentration of suppliers: As we discuss earlier INDIA is a diverse country there are many people of different culture and religion so there are various different suppliers as per the choice and requirement. Branding: Well the main industrial and economical benefit of the country is through tourism industry. So especially from different countries is more concern about the brand image while buying a product. Also, INDIA is major hub for its international market and well known brands. Power of entrants: Economies of scale: As per the GDP till year 2010 INDIA 3.57 trillion dollars. Manufacturing and services are the twin engines of the INDIA economy and accounted for 28.2% and 54.9%, respectively, of India gross domestic product in 2009. The electronics and chemicals industries lead INDIA manufacturing sector, Threats of substitutes: Quality: Quality is a substitute better? Well the industry which gives the better quality and service has longer profit. So there is an always a threat of substitutes in the INDIA especially in the hotel industry, quality is important criteria in them. 6. SWOT Analyses: Strength: Papa Johns Pizza having there their strength as the quality of fresh food they used, Customer satisfaction, Delivering pizza on time to customer and most important thing they dont have call centers to make order on phone. So the direct calls are routed to the pizza shop and there are less chances of making mistake in taking order, like it happens in Pizza hut always. Weakness: The weakness of Papa Johns pizza is that they have very limited range of pizza menu as compared to Pizza hut. Which some time divert the customer from them because people want change and new variety food. Opportunities: As per the information of INDIA, it is a multi religious nation so our opportunities will be make the traditional food Pizza for the food lover. Also pizza hut dont have any kind of these pizza as they are already there. One more thing we liked to introduce is Pasta for people. Threats: Our only threats in future are Pizza hut and other fast food chains because our main competitors are hotel industry particularly the pizza industry. So we have to compete among them with good strategic planning and service. 7. Competitor Analysis: List of major competitors and any potential competitors: Pizza Hut, Dominos KFC Mc Donald Other Fast Food Chains in INDIA. Among this major competitor Pizza Hut is our potential competitor because it is well-known pizza maker and it ready set in Pizza business in INDIA. Pizza hut has built its own website online to provide both take away and dine-in restaurant for customers to make both reservation and order. Identification and analysis of strategic group Fast food chains are main competitors in our business. Service industry is good in INDIA. There are many tourist attractions. Therefore, our major strategic group will be local restaurants and fast food chains. Size, Growth and profitability Gross of national product of INDIA is approximately $ 302.6 billion. Compare with the United States and other western countries. 8. Operations Plan: Operational plan establish the activities and budgets involved for each and every part of the organization. Operational plan generally interlink with strategic plan with the activities involved and thus the organization can able to deliver all the resources required to deliver them. The main objective of Papa Johns pizza company is they are looking to attract new franchise partners all over the world. The best example is Papa Johns Pizzas UK and Ireland expansion. There are various act ivies involved in order to implement objectives. For example they have come up with the new concept to deliver pizza by launching a delivery vehicles for this they also branded Smart Car which illustrates the snaps of fresh pizza ingredients on them. Mainly it includes freezer as well as an integrated hot-bad system which ensures that pizzas are delivered properly according to the customers requirements. The main reason behind this is, if customer orders pizza as well any drink then while delivering that product it should not be get cold or hot visa-versa. They also researched from different group of people that companys branding was one of the good indication of the product quality. According to Schnatter these improvements are nothing but process of refinement rather than any change that may be disastrous. The factors such as company culture develop a framework which contains the processes and also modeling a consistent eager to deliver better plays major factors in quality improvement standards. In one of their visionary statements not only includes business growth of this company but also growth of Papa Johns employees. Finally whole quality standards would be implemented by people only therefore they are also attracting and keeping talent. This companys fundamental based on people. In other words this company is people growing machine where team building is the vital aspect in improving quality standards. The expected outputs includes now Papa John is already the third largest pizza franchisor in the world, but they still has sights on reaching number 2 position and ultimately becoming the number 1 pizza chain in the world. The factors such as looking ahead to the next task challenge and goals give Papa John strength to achieve expected outputs. 9. Financial: 9.1 Assumption and Information: The key indicators such as stock exchange, exchange rates and interest rates, assets, import and exports manage the world economy. The country this report researches on current Papa John pizza financial condition in US. They are effectively running there pizza industry business in US and need to expand more as time grows. 9.2 Financial requirement from Papa Johns: As per the international franchise development rule of Papa John pizza the company who want to take franchise has to pay $25,000 fees for per restaurant. Out of which they have to pay $5000 at the time of agreement and rest $20,000 at the opening of the restaurant. Besides that if you want to open the sub branches they have to pay $15,000 for additional each store. 9.3Financial support and Interest rate: The interest of bank vary globally due to political stability, internal policies, government regulations etc, however the financial markets are dependence on interbank interest rates Well also according to Franchise Restaurant Development. Papa John provides assistance to Papa Johns franchisees in selecting sites, developing restaurants and evaluating the physical specifications for typical restaurants. 9.4Financial Risks: Papa john pizza needs to consider the following points before entering into INDIA such as foreign tax laws, how much restriction is made on profit which is repatriated to Papa John pizza. 10. Appendices: INDIA overview Demographic Feature: Area : 3,287,263 sq Km Population : 1,156,897,766 (July 2010 EST.) Capital : Delhi Nationality : INDIAN. Language : Hindi and 18 regional languages. Racial Groups : eclectic mixture of local religion Hindu, Muslim, Christian, Sikh, Buddhist etc. Population Growth rate : 1.5407% (2010) Birth rate : 21.72 births/1000population (2009) Age structure: 0-14 years: 30.5% 15-64 years: 64.3% 65 years and over: 5.2% Median age : Total: 25.9 years. male: 25.4 years Female: 26.6 years (2010 EST.) Death rate : 7.6 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010) Infant mortality rate: total: 50.78 deaths/1,000 live births male: 49.33 deaths/1,000 live births Female: 52.4 deaths/1,000 live births (2009 EST.) Life expectancy At birth : total population: 66.09 years male: 65.13 years Female: 67.17 years (2009 EST.) Total fertility rate : 2.65 children born/woman (2009 EST.)

Concepts of Politics and Economics

Concepts of Politics and Economics Ramon Hernandez The Dictator’s Dilemma The dictator’s dilemma is when an authoritarian ruler’s oppression is so great that the public greatly fears him/her, which then leads to uncertainty as to how much support the ruler actually has. This leads the ruler to spend more resources than is needed to try to expose who potential rivals maybe or to try to buy out the potential opposition. They then begin to spend more and more money trying to keep everyone loyal and often end up spending too many resources on one particular group such as the military. This creates more problems as the groups that aren’t being represented or are not being funded begin to feel more oppressed and less represented. Thus begins a new cycle of people that the ruler must now try to win over. The dictator’s dilemma causes the dictator to become paranoid and forces said ruler to make drastic changes to his/her agenda. For example authoritarian rulers who wish to improve their home regions usually do make improvements at the beginning of their regime but as soon as they begin to fear a potential overthrow they start to spend resources on other regions to keep the popular support. The dictators’ dilemma leaves the ruler in constant states of paranoia because they are never truly sure how much support or opposition they face. Social vs Liberal Market Economies A social market economy is an economic system that combines a highly productive market economy with an extensive and generous welfare state, as well as unusually active involvement of both business and labor in economic policy. It combines private enterprise with regulation and state intervention so that it may create fair competition as well as maintain a balance between high rates of economic growth and low levels of unemployment. It is designed to promote good working conditions, social welfare, public services and lower inflation. It has many of the foundations of a free market economy such as private property, free foreign trade, and free formation of prices. There are provisions to confine the free market such as antitrust codes that help reduce the occurring problems within a free market. A liberal market economy is a system that provides the ability for companies to interact with other companies, their employees, customers, and suppliers in whatever mechanisms they prefer, within the broad regulations implemented by a government. They incorporate a free prices system however they limit the potential for monopolies to form as well as the rates they can charge during certain states of the economy. This allows for competition in the market place to grow. Liberal market economies include government intervention in order to create a basis for domestic and international commerce between businesses in the form of legislation that requires business transactions to take place within specific boundaries. Market Externalities Market Externalities occur when the cost or benefit of the production process is not fully included in the price of the final market transaction, which reduces efficiency. An example of a market externality is the production of a bottle of water. When producing bottles of water, pollution is also produced. However the cost of cleaning up the pollution is not a factor in price of the bottle, nor is a factor in the supply and demand chain. Environmental damage is the most common form of market externalities. When factories pollute the air when they make their products, the costs of the long term damage the local residents as well as the environment receive are not paid by the factory owners. The cost of the bottle is not taken out of the cost for pollution damage. The factory would pollute more if they had to pay for the damages however. Welfare Policy Types Universal Entitlements are benefits that governments provide to citizens more or less equally, usually funded through taxation. An example would be public education in the US. All communities in the US must provide public education to all school age residents without any exemptions including those who are not born in the US. Public education tends to reduce the likeliness that a person will end up in poverty, which is why public education is a universal benefit. In many European countries families are provided child or family allowances to help them raise their children. The allowance is adjusted for household income or on the number of children. Some the criticism to these entitlements is that some people who do not need them still receive the entitlements. Social Insurance provides benefits to categories of people who have contributed to public insurance fund. Examples in the US are social security, disability benefits and unemployment. Workers and employers contribute to the fund and only those who contribute to the fund may benefit from them when they need them for instance when a worker retires. Means-tested public assistance are programs that provide benefits to individuals who fall below a specific income level. Food stamps, subsidized public housing and temporary assistance to needy families are the most common examples in the US. The level of assistance from these programs usually depends on the income level but other factors may contribute such as work requirements. These are unlike universal entitlements where everyone is entitled to their benefits and social insurance where those who contribute get to partake in the benefits; means tested assistance only targets those whose income levels are low. Tax expenditures are targeted tax breaks for specific groups of people or activities designed to achieve social policy goals. Tax breaks on certain people or expenditures subsidizes activities that the government believes to be beneficial. Tax breaks on people or on expenditures has the same effect as amount of social spending on that group of people or project. Cap and Trade System Cap and Trade systems are systems where the government allows a specific amount of acceptable pollution in an industry. Once the amount of pollution is reached the government begins to give out vouchers to companies. Companies are allowed to pollute depending on the amount of vouchers they possess. The companies are allowed to trade and sell their vouchers to other companies. The vouchers were designed in order to regulate and reduce pollution in industries. There are two parts designed to reduce pollution. The first part puts a cap on pollution by companies, the reason being is that companies will not go overboard and pollute as much as they want without having to pay for their future environmental complications. The second part was designed to persuade companies to develop cleaner forms of energy. Switching to cleaner forms of energy would get rid of the need for vouchers and other benefits would then be created. However there are criticisms to the cap and trade system that companies make. One criticism is that it creates monopolies on the vouchers thus creating a monopoly on pollution levels. Big companies will begin to acquire all the vouchers leaving smaller companies unable to pollute and making them have to sell out to the larger companies. Bigger companies have more resources and can use them to their advantage. This allows them to merge all pollution levels and have control over particular industries. Another criticism is that vouchers will allow the government to have control over private industries. The government would have specific powers over companies and would allow them have their needs meet before the company. The government would also have control over who gets the vouchers and how many they can recieve. The Science of Comparative Politics Many people believe that there isn’t a science behind comparative politics, while others believe that there are legitimate reasons as to why and how comparative politics has its own scientific characteristics. There are many examples as to how comparative politics has a science behind it. I will provide a few examples that make comparative politics a science, such as the research methods and how they are used to compare and contrast various state politics. Comparative Politics is defined as the study of the domestic politics, political institutions, and conflicts of countries. Scholars have been studying politics among various regimes for centuries. Aristotle and Machiavelli were some of the first pioneers to study comparative politics so that they could gather information on the success and weaknesses of various governments throughout history as well as their own era’s. As the years went by different methods were developed in order to better understand government institutions, and as people started to move around and create new governments around the world there was a focus shift from European countries to these new developing countries. There was another shift in studying comparative politics, this time the focus was not to describe the type of governments that emerged but how they came about and the likelihood of that government entity to survive. As the governments developed and began to create different institutions, scholars were given more things to study and focus on. This brings about why there are people who do not believe comparative politics to be scientific. As is the case with other scientific forms of study, there are biases to research methods of comparative politics. Those that study comparative politics have their own beliefs and opinions and it comes out when researching a specific topic. The people who are studying and making observations are the ones who draw up the conclusions and facts. Their findings could be completely different from people who have different ideas, beliefs, and research methods and this could result in struggles over what actually happened or what is really going on. This has similarities to other forms of scientific research. Scientists with different beliefs and research methods can come up with one idea and another scientist can come up with something opposite of what that person came up with. Scientist can choose to leave things out that they don’t agree with, the same thing can and does happen in comparative politics. Scientists in all fields can determine what is said and they can use it to manipulate readers that are not informed on that specific topic; much like in politics where the public believes what politicians say even when they are not educated on that subject. But quite possibly the biggest criticism as to why comparative politics is not a science is the material they have to work with. Politics is all historical in a sense, meaning that politics wasn’t created in a lab rather it something that came about through hundreds of years of ruling and experience. Scientists have many forms of acquiring sources and information where as political scientists get their knowledge from historical events and past regimes. Gathering the information is harder for political scientists as well. They may not be granted access to some of the information they need or the truth could have been kept a secret from the rest of the world. By this I mean that past political regimes have kept some of their information a secret. An example of this was Russia after WWII; they did not fully disclose the death rate they faced after the war. Incidents like this make it harder on political scientists when they are trying to put the facts together. Another problem th at political scientists have to deal with when arguing for their legitimacy is that they are limited with trials and errors. Scientists can have infinite trials to test their hypothesis; they simply have to create the experiment, test it, and draw conclusions. Political scientists can only go by either past examples or current examples. Scientist can manipulate their experiments, political scientists can’t. Scientists can have multiple tests where as political scientists have to go by assumptions. Although it may seem as if political science is not an actual science there is a key part of it that makes it a science and that is that they follow the scientific method of research. Political scientists take the same steps that other scientists take when testing there research. They create a hypothesis as to why a certain political movement occurred in history, and how it affected that country and history. Afterwards they test their hypothesis, the same as any other experiment. The forms and methods they use to test their hypothesis are unlike other forms of science but they are still genuine forms of testing. They then come up with a conclusion of their hypothesis. Their conclusions are difficult to accept depending on your political views and own personal beliefs, but they are accurate in their own right. Political scientists follow the scientific method and prove that their field of science is in fact possible and legitimate. Political science faces many of the same criticisms that other forms of science face. There are people that are biased against their beliefs. They have to perform experiments in order to test their hypothesis. They do extensive research on their topics and come up with the best possible answers they can. Political science is a science, even if there aren’t laboratories and people in white coats doing the research Advanced Democratic States The greatest policy challenges that advanced democratic states face today have to deal with political institutions, societal institutions, and economic institutions. Advanced countries are having trouble getting former communist states or poorer states to become part of their union. They are also having trouble figuring out how to create social welfare. They are having problems with devolution. Advanced political institutions are struggling to keep the people happy. In Europe the major problems they are facing are within the European Union. They are having difficulty with several things such as who to grant membership into the union, the currency system, patriotism, as well as fears within the society. Former communist states are having difficulty getting membership into the European Union due to their former governmental policies as well as their economic status. Their transition from communism to democracy has been a difficult one as they are switching from one form of government to a completely different one. Former communist states usually tend to be poorer than the older members of the union which brings up problems when deciding how to fund these governments. Some countries need more help than others and they don’t produce as much wealth as the older members which create problems within the EU as to how much help and funds they should receive. Former members of the Soviet Union are not the only ones that are having trouble acquiring membership into the EU; countries with a Muslim background have also had problems gaining membership. Turkey has had difficulty because of their predominantly Muslim culture. Allowing predominantly Muslim cultures into the EU causes religious problems as well as societal fears. Predominately Christian states within the EU fear that allowing Muslim states into the EU would result in religious turmoil as well as trigger a rise in terrorist threats. Christians fear that Muslims would outnumber them in members, and the society thinks that this would cause terrorist groups to upsurge. Membership is not the only problem the EU faces, currency is always a problem no matter what. The Euro has been an idea that most EU members prefer but that others do not want. The euro was suggested in order to create a type of currency that would help bring EU members closer as well as create a reserve currency that would have international backing. But some countries such as the United Kingdom and Swede n have refused to join the monetary system because they see it as a loss of sovereignty; which brings up another problem and that is patriotism. Some members of the EU feel as if they are losing their identity, they feel as if they are all merging into one and are losing their cultural identity. Other advanced nations, such as the US face many of the same problems as the EU. The US, EU, and advanced countries all over the world are having to deal with social policies that are designed to help out its people. The US faces difficulties with its welfare programs as to who gets them and how much they are entitled to. Many advanced countries see the importance of helping out the lower class so that they may decrease the levels of poverty but also get more people contributing to society in big ways. However some feel that the social policies are not working and that many people are not giving back to society. The poor are not the only ones that get to benefit from these programs. Social security was a program designed to help out the elderly population of the US. It’s a program that has helped many, but due to the ever increasing population of the elderly as well as the life expectancy rate continuing to increase, programs such as social security will be affected in major w ays. The US is not the only country that is facing this problem; other advanced countries such as Japan have to deal with lower rates of birth and higher elderly populations. If this continues to happen many advanced populations will start to see a decrease in population. Immigration would seem to be the solution to this problem, but many countries fear and dislike immigration as they feel like immigration would cause cultures to lose their identity to assimilation. Immigration is something that all advanced societies face and it is something that causes problem within the state. Fear of overpopulation, assimilation, and racial prejudices prevent immigration from growing. Globalization would fix some of the problems that advanced democracies face, however it will not fix all of them. Globalization could fix both racial fears and patriotism. Globalization is a process of international integration arising from the exchange of world views, meaning that countries around the world are communicating, trading, and exchanging personal views. This would obviously ease some of the fears of assimilation that many people think are bad. This could also put a dent in racial prejudices that are faced around the world. Globalization could possibly encourage immigration allow for vast integration of cultures and views. Globalization could possibly help the EU with establishing the euro within all of its members. Globalization calls for many countries to come together which could possibly lead to a rise in the need for a single unit of currency. Globalization will not fix all of the problems such as the complications that are involved with welfare programs. It won†™t stop life expectancy from growing, it won’t stop poverty, it won’t end violence, but it could bring countries closer together and could lead to the solutions to some of the problems that advanced democracies face.

Nursing Research Article Critique Essay example -- Healthcare Nursing

The development of knowledge requires a number of processes in order to establish credible data to ensure the validity and appropriateness of how it can be used in the future. For the healthcare industry, this has provided the ability to create and form new types of interventions in order to give adequate care across a of number of fields within the system. Research then, has been an essential part in providing definitive data, either by disproving previous beliefs or confirming newly found data and methods. Moreover, research in itself contains its own process with a methodological approach. Of the notable methods, quantitative research is often used for its systemic approach (Polit & Beck, 2006). Thus, the use of the scientific method is used, which also utilizes the use of numerical data (Polit & Beck). Here, researches make use of creating surveys, scales, or placing a numerical value on it subjects (Polit & Beck). In the end the resulting data is neutral and statistical. Howeve r, like all things its approach is not perfect, yet, it has the ability to yield valuable data. Summary of Critiqued Article For nursing, research has played a major role in the way clinical practice is done. Research has allowed nurses to provide appropriate care to patients. It allows them to perform their job by providing them the tools and information they need in order to make the decisions on the concerns for caring the patient (Polit & Beck, 2006). Moreover, research can also take focus on the workers themselves in order to improve the practice both on a professional and personal level. An example of a study conducted by King, Vidourek, and Schweibert of University of Cincinnati created a study to determine if there is a correlation between ... ...nce in the outcomes for many. Knowledge grants others the ability to fulfill their duties across a spectrum of fields and for nurses; it allows them to make decision that can improve the outcome of patient's health. Nurses are a vital backbone to the healthcare system and through research they are able to continue to expand their roles, knowledge, and abilities on a professional and personal level. References King, K. A., Vidourek, R., & Schwiebert, M. (2009). Disordered eating and job stress among nurses. Journal of Nursing Management, 17, 861-869. Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.nu.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=5&hid=108&sid=56ec0737-792e-4eac-aad7-1ce285824dce%40sessionmgr115 Polit, D., & Beck, C. (2006). Essentials of nursing research: appraising evidence for nursing practice (7th ed.). Phildelphia: Lippencott Wilkins & Williams.

aristotle Essay examples -- essays research papers

Aristotle Politics Aristotle in his book politics, argues that the political association is the highest form of human association , and making all his conclusions based on the assumption that ‘polis’ is the best and only sensible political system. He further adds that political association is the most sovereign and aims at the highest good Politics is largely an attempt to determine or rather prove that political association is the best suited way for securing the happiness of its members or as called in ‘politics’ the citizens .The interest of the polis and its citizens were seen to be the same since both the city and man aimed for happiness as the ultimate goal. According to Aristotle, life has no existence outside the confines of the city and that it is not the city that exists to serve the needs of the individual but is a mere part and the city is more important than the individual Aristotle’s admiration of the social system in a polis shows his support to the slavery. The polis consisted of citizens which men were born to citizen parent’s women children and slaves. Men were considered to be the only rational creation and had to engage and contribute in the political association of the city, while slaves were used for work. Aristotle’s above argument had some major weakness and flaws in it, he address the salves as non-rational, and it’s in there best interest to serve there masters, who would give them a rational vision. The main drawbac...

The Return: Shadow Souls Chapter 26

â€Å"We have to keep our minds on saving Stefan,† Elena was saying in the room Damon had taken over for his own, the old library in Lady Ulma's mansion. â€Å"Where else would my mind be?† Damon said, never taking his eyes off her neck with its ornaments of mother-of-pearl and diamonds. Somehow the milk-white dress served to emphasize the slim soft column of Elena's throat, and Elena knew it. She sighed. â€Å"If we thought you really meant it, then we could all just relax.† â€Å"You mean be as relaxed as you are?† Elena gave herself an inner shake. Damon might seem to be completely absorbed with one thing and one thing only, but his sense of self-preservation made sure that he was constantly on guard, and seeing not just what he wanted to see but everything that was around him. And it was true that Elena was almost unbearably excited. Let the others think it was about her marvelous dress – and it was a marvelous dress, and Elena was profoundly grateful to Lady Ulma and her helpers for getting it done in time. What Elena was really excited about, though, was the chance – no, the certainty, she told herself firmly – that tonight she was going to find half of the key that would allow them to free Stefan. The thought of his face, of seeing him in the flesh was†¦ Was terrifying. Thinking about what Bonnie had said when she was asleep, Elena reached out for comfort and understanding, and somehow found that instead of holding Damon's hand, she was in Damon's arms. The real question is: what will Stefan say about that night at the motel with Damon? What would Stefan say? What was there to say? â€Å"I'm frightened,† she heard, and a minute too late, recognized her own voice. â€Å"Well, don't think about it,† Damon said. â€Å"It'll only make things worse.† But I've lied, Elena thought. You don't even remember it, or you'd be lying, too. â€Å"Whatever happened, I promise I'll still be around for you,† Damon said softly. â€Å"You've got my word on that, anyway.† Elena could feel his breath against her hair. â€Å"And on keeping your mind on the key?† Yes, yes, but I haven't fed properly today. Elena started, then clasped Damon closer. For just an instant she'd felt, not merely a ravaging hunger, but a sharp pain that puzzled her. But now, before she could quite locate it in space, it was gone, and her connection to Damon had been abruptly cut off. Damon. â€Å"What?† Don't shut me out. â€Å"I'm not. I've just said all there is to say, that's all. You know I'll be looking for the key.† Thank you. Elena tried again. But you can't just starve – Who said I was starving? Now Damon's telepathic connection was back, but something was missing. He was deliberately holding something back, and concentrating on assaulting her senses with something else – hunger. Elena could feel it rampaging in him, as if he were a tiger or wolf that had gone for days – for weeks – without making a kill. The room did a slow spin around her. â€Å"It's†¦all right,† she whispered, amazed that Damon was able to stand and hold her at all, with his insides tearing at him that way. â€Å"Whatever†¦you need†¦take†¦Ã¢â‚¬  And then she felt the most gentle probing at her throat of razor-sharp teeth. She gave herself up to it, surrendering to the sensations. In preparation for the Silver Nightingale's gala, where they would be searching for the first half of the double fox key to release Stefan, Meredith had been reading some of the hard copy she'd stuffed into her bag, from the huge amount of information she had downloaded from the Internet. She had done her best to describe everything that she'd learned to Elena and the others. But how could she be sure that she hadn't missed some vital clue, some vastly important thread of information that would make all the difference tonight between success and failure? Between finding a way to save Stefan and coming home defeated, while he languished in prison. No, she thought, standing by a silvered mirror, almost afraid to look at the exotic beauty she had become. No, we can't even think of the word failure. For the sake of Stefan's life, we have to succeed. And we have to do it without getting caught.

Tim Hortons

PROFILE: CANADIAN MARKETING EXCELLENCE It began as a one-store shop in Hamilton in 1964 founded by legendary hockey player Tim Horton. By 1967, there were three Tim Hortons stores open for business under the first successful franchisee, Ron Joyce (who currently serves as chairman emeritus of the TDL Group). Since then, Tim Hortons has grown to 2527 stores (2343 in Canada, 184 in the United States) and over US$800 million in revenue. With a 13-year cumulative average growth in sales of 7. 1 percent in Canada and 17. 5 percent in the United States, Tim Hortons is one very successful coffee and doughnut shop.How this local operation turned into an international franchise company and a major Canadian cultural icon, with a rapidly expanding U. S. presence, has everything to do with a very well-planned and carefully executed marketing strategy. Tim Hortons’ core strategy is the reason for its success. On its most basic level, the Tim Hortons’ marketing team has created a bran d that represents an idealized image of the Canadian national character: friendly, neighbourly, unpretentious, gently playful, frugal, trustworthy, and clean. The company measures everything it does against this list of brand values. In everything we do, we’ve always focused on the concept of being that friendly, unpretentious, good neighbour you’d want living down the block from you,† says Cathy Whelan Molloy, TDL’s vice-president of brand advertising and merchandising. It also uses extensive customer and franchisee surveys, and other consumer research, to make sure its products, service, and communications fit the ideals. Furthermore, the organization has shown unwavering commitment to this vision and strategy for over 30 years. Tim Hortons has executed this core strategy through many years of innovative marketing campaigns.It was one of the first Canadian organizations to tap into the benefits of sports marketing. Its first stores were painted blue and white to capitalize on the fame of Tim Horton himself—a Toronto Maple Leafs legend. It has developed a major presence in local communities with the creation of the nonprofit Tim Hortons Children’s Foundation. The foundation sponsors an estimated 33 000 children in Timbit hockey leagues annually and operates five camps at which underprivileged Canadian and American children enjoy ten summer days and five winter days of activities. Developing MarketingStrategies and Plans 2 CHAPTER 2All of the company’s campaigns are designed to communicate a positive and believable truth about the Canadians who go to Tim Hortons. Effectively, â€Å"Tim Hortons dares to hold a mirror up to Canadians and challenges them to like what they see,† says Philippe Garneau, a partner at Toronto’s Garneau Wurstlin Philp Brand Engineering. For example, in 2002, the company ran a television ad campaign called â€Å"True Stories. † These were a series of vignettes based on hundreds of suggestions the company receives from its customers every year.The campaign featured Canadian sailors and students abroad trying to get their fix of Tim Hortons coffee. In 1976, Tim Hortons changed the face of doughnut consumption forever with the introduction of Timbits. It has been able to use this product in the company’s marketing strategy to continue to build the playful, friendly nature of the brand. Of course, no discussion of Tim Hortons would be complete without one of the most successful annual promotional tools in Canadian history: the â€Å"Roll Up the Rim to Win† customer reward program that offers prizes ranging from coffee and doughnuts to luxury cars.In one of the best examples of how Tim Hortons used this program to build the brand, the company aired a TV spot featuring a Canadian citizen crossing over the U. S. border. When asked to prove his nationality to the immigration officer, the character simply rolls his Rs while speaking the phra se â€Å"roll up the rim to win. † These investments have paid off. Of those surveyed in the Canadian Business poll of Canada’s best and worst brands, Tim Hortons was the clear winner, with 42 percent of those who responded to the poll (conducted by the Strategic Counsel and Spencer Francey Peters).What is more impressive is that 95 percent of the company’s 2500-plus outlets are owned by franchisees, which may have independent ideas about what Tim Hortons is about. However, creating programs to ensure that the organization builds the brand and develops the business together has been crucial to the overall strategy. New franchisees must complete a seven-week training program before taking ownership of stores. Furthermore, the company has strict quality control standards. It routinely surveys and inspects stores, including checking everything from how fast and friendly the staff is to whether the trash in he parking lot has been cleared. But it is not through hier archical, heavy-handed intervention that it creates strong brand commitment from the franchisees, it is through a well-developed internal strategy that works to ensure the success of each franchisee. For example, the â€Å"Roll Up the Rim to Win† promotion was created specifically to boost coffee sales in the warmer spring months. While franchisees end up giving away thousands of free coffees and doughnuts (in 2004, winners redeemed over 20 million food prizes), the promotion drives sales growth.Consistently keeping customers coming back every day (sometimes two or three times a day) is Tim Hortons’ challenge. In this intensely competitive market, it does not take much more than a stale doughnut or a cup of cold coffee to lose a customer. Yet consumers keep lining up. (Tim Hortons had a 68 percent share of the â€Å"most often† coffee purchases in the first quarter of 2004, while Starbucks and Second Cup had 7 percent and 3 percent respectively. ) Part of this s uccess is believed to stem from Tim Hortons’ decision in the 1980s to drop the â€Å"Doughnuts† from its name and carve out a niche as a â€Å"breaktime† restaurant.Now the company appeals to consumers who want to stop in for soup and sandwiches as well as those simply looking for a coffee. Interestingly, one of the brands that Canadians seem to identify with most closely is actually owned by Americans. In 1995, Ron Joyce sold the company for US$450 million to Ohio-based Wendy’s International Inc. In 2003, Tim Hortons sales represented nearly 20 percent of the fast-food giant’s retail sales, and the Tim Hortons operations in both 36 PART ONE Understanding Marketing ManagementCanada and the United States posted the best same-store sales growth in the entire organization.Sources: John Gray, â€Å"King of the Cruller: Our Survey Crowns Tim Hortons the Best-Managed Brand in the Country,† Canadian Business Magazine Online, www. canadianbusiness. com, June 6, 2004 (viewed July 12, 2004); â€Å"Before Tims Was Tims,† abridged and excerpted from â€Å"Tales from Under the Rim: The Marketing of Tim Hortons† by Ron Buist, Marketing Magazine Online, www. marketmag. ca, September 22, 2003, (viewed July 12, 2004); Terry Poulton, â€Å"Long Live the Double Double,† Strategy Magazine Online, www. strategymag. com, July 29, 2002, p. 9 (viewed July 12, 2004); Wendy’s International Inc. Investor Presentation, June 2004, www. wendys-invest. com (viewed July 12, 2004); Tim Hortons Web site, www. timhortons. com (viewed July 12, 2004). A key ingredient of the marketing management process is insightful, creative marketing strategies and plans that can guide marketing activities. Developing the right marketing strategy over time requires a blend of discipline and flexibility. Firms must stick to a strategy but must also find new ways to constantly improve it.

Dr. Pepper/Seven Up, Inc. Squirt Brand Essay

DR PEPPER SNAPPLE GROUP INCORPORATION Opportunity Analysis, Market Segmentation, and Market Targeting Thinking of energy drinks competitor they have lot of ideas and strategies made to compete they innovate their products to have a new ideal in the eyes of customer. There are 43 million energy drink users in US. they are lack of product promotion because the competitors are more well known while Dr Pepper Snapple Group Inc, before are the major energy drink they need to innovate the product like for example for the health conscious people they can make a sugar free energy drink, or for fitness. They only targeted for males and sport man while they can have an innovation of it to target female like energy diet drink to make them sexy. The important thing is to promote first the product my using social networking like facebook to get the attention of the customer , commercialize the product with the use of well known artist. Served Market Where To Compete What is Marketing Market Sales Potential and Profitability Estimating Market Sales Potential Market Sales Potential is a Quantitativ e Approximation of Effective Demand Maximum Level of Sales that Might Be Available to All Organizations Serving a Defined Market During a Specific Time Period Definition Three Variables That effect Market Sales Potential The Number Of Prospective Buyers Who Are Willing And Able To Purchase and Offering(B) The Quantity Of An Offering Purchased By An Average Buyer In A Specific Time Period (Q) The Price Of An Average Unit Of An Offering (P) B x Q x P = Chain Ratio Method to Create Clear Marketing Plan Chain Ratio Method Provides A Quantitative Estimate of Market Sales Potential Highlights Factors That Are Controllable and Uncontrollable Using the Chain Ratio Method to Influence Market Sales Potential for Carbonated Cola Soft Drink Market in a South American Country Factors That Can Be Manipulated (B) Proportion of population that consumes carbonated soft drinks (Q) Availability and ease of access to carbonated cola soft drinks (P) Pricing of carbonated cola soft drinks Sales and Profit Forecasting Once one has determined a market’s sale potential and identified variables that can be manipulated to increase sales of a particular product, one needs to determine the estimated sales that can be expected from a given marketing  strategy. We do this by creating a â€Å"Sales Forecast† Sales Forecast Level of sales a single organization can expect to achieve based on a chosen marketing strategy and an assumed market environment. Sales Forecast Forecasted Sales Size Of The Target Market The Marketing Mix Chosen For The Target Market Assumed Number Of Competitors In The Target Market Competitive Intesity In The Target Market An Example Total Estimated Prospective Buyers Target Market (25% of Total Buyers) Distribution/ Communication Coverage (75% of Target Market) Annual Purchase Rate (20 Units Per Year) Average Product Price Per Unit ($10.00) 1 Million 0.25 0.75 20 $10.00 37.5 Million A Disclaimer While this is an adequate example of a chain ratio method calculation forecasting sales in a particular target market, this forecast does not take into consideration the number of competitors vying for the same target market or the competitive intensity of the target market and therefore should be adjusted downward to reflect the effect of these added variables on the sales forecast. Finally A Pro Forma income statement should be prepared showing the forecasted sales, budgeted expenses, and estimated net profit. Population