Emotional Expression Online - Free Essay Example

The Destruction Of Human Civilization Essay - 1909 Words

The Destruction of Human Civilization Doomsday is defined as the day where the world will come to an end and people will face God on Judgment Day. Many people are fascinated by the notion that Doomsday will eventually happen soon, but there’s always a miscalculation when it comes to predicting as when the world will end. World War II is the most significant period in the twentieth century because technology, civil rights movement in the U.S, and the ability to explore outer space took a huge leap of fascination around the world. The two powerful allies emerged during World War II as to begin a Cold War with each other that defined the twentieth century. The idea that the world will come to an end by a nuclear war based on previous events from World War II that can potentially one day happen again because of historical evidence from the Cold War that wiped out two major cities in Japan, scientific evidence of a secret nuclear weapon written in India’s ancient epics, and the production of radiation smoke that builds up over time can slowly kill humans. Zombies are dead corpse that is revived by a virus. The myth of zombies originated from Haiti in 1626 to 1800s, as an image of inhumanity where slaves were treated ruthlessly. In the Haitian religion, slaves believed that dying was a way for them to return to Guinea, where they are free from torture in the afterlife. Under the ruled by Saint-Domingue in France when African slaves to work in the sugar plantation. Slaves whoShow MoreRelatedTechnology Is The Blame For The World Ending1467 Words   |  6 PagesTechnology is accelerating so rapidly in the 21st century it will either steer civilization into a revolutionary futuristic era or send it into a post-apocalyptic armageddon. The distress and anxiety of the world ending influenced writers of the 1950’s who were surrounded by threats of nuclear weapon testing and radioactive fallout from the sky polluting the environment. These authors envisi oned their perspective of what the world would be like after everything was destroyed, technology was goneRead More Psychoanalysis of Fight Club Using Freudian Concepts Essay1686 Words   |  7 Pagesthe ideas of civilization and the human aggressive instincts portrayed in the movie characterize reality. This is going to be achieved using psychoanalytical concepts of civilization and the individual’s inevitable quest for satisfying their instincts as identified in Sigmund Freud’s Civilization and Its Discontents. The paper will focus more specifically on the instincts of aggression and self-destruction as opposing forces of civilization, and how they impact the purpose of human life in termsRead MoreEmasculated Reality1001 Words   |  5 PagesEmasculated Reality The novel Fight Club by Chuck Palahniuk is filled with a large number of motifs from downward movement and destruction to overall decay. The unnamed narrator uses motifs to show images and pictures of greater themes throughout the novel. The narrator and other main character Tyler Durden share the feeling that civilization has emasculated men and, â€Å"What you see at fight club is a generation of men raised by women† (Palahniuk 50). The author shows the reader many themes by describingRead MoreAll Of Civilization And Discontents By Sigmund Freud1172 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Freud’s â€Å"All of Civilization and Discontents† can be described in a great to be a philosophical treatise where he attempts to introduce a psychological framework to replace the existing metaphysical and idealist framework. In his style, he persuades the audience to analyze the philosophical problems by applying them in his daily life. Nevertheless in his persuasion, he wants the reader to go beyond and see his own metaphysical construction. Written in the 30s, the book came at a timeRead MoreThe And The Road By Cormac Mccarthy1180 Words   |  5 PagesCivilization is the basis of life, driving human interaction in everyday life. The texts, Frankenstein by Mary Shelley and The Road by Cormac McCarthy, depict civilized and uncivilized situations, which reflect on and elaborate characterization. This can be seen explicitly with the creature (Frankenstein) and the boy (The Road). Both novels address the civilized and uncivilized in different approaches, however simil arly emphasize the significance of the character’s traits and development. The waysRead MoreWhat Does It Mean to Say That Lord of the Flies Is an Allegorical Novel? Discuss Its Important Symbols.1139 Words   |  5 Pagessettings, objects and events that symbolise ideas much deeper than what is first perceived. It is these important symbols that make Lord of the Flies an allegorical novel. It is the constant struggle to maintain civilization and resist complying with the savage urges that rages within each human individual that plays a central theme throughout the novel. Significant objects like the conch and signal fire; plot events such as the pig hunts; the main characters and even Ralph’s hair are all symbols thatRead MoreSymbolic Objects that Reflect of World War II in William Goling ´s Lord of the Flies779 Words   |  4 PagesPiggy’s glasses represent civilization. Piggy’s glasses are a small piece of civilization they can cling to. When the glasses are first cracked, it is a symbolic drop in the civilization of the boys on the island. Jack punches Piggy and the glasses fall off his face, only one of the lenses are broken which represents half of the destruction of civilization. But when Piggy is crushed by the boulder and his specs are destroyed, it represents the total destruction of their civilization and the boys fall intoRead MoreMichelle Duan Mrs. MJ English 10 H, per. 3 13 February 2014 A Symbol’s Worth a Thousand1500 Words   |  6 Pagesuses a variety of objects to convey their descent from civilization into brutality, violence, and savagery. Of these objects, three hold particular significance. In Lord of the Flies, Golding uses the conch, the signal fire, and the Lord of the Flies to symbolize civilization, hope for rescue, and inner evil while conveying an overall theme of innate human evil. Using plot and characters, Golding depicts the conch as a symbol of civilization, democracy, and law and order. As a tool used to summonRead MoreThe Myth Of A Myth1612 Words   |  7 Pagesbased on truth that is lost over time (Myths and Legends†). There are so many different civilizations all around the world each one with their own myths. These civilizations also have creation myths. Creation myth are symbolic narratives about how the world began and how people first came to inhabit it (â€Å"Creation Myths 2†). The Aztec creation story is called the legend of the five suns. The Aztec civilization believes there was only darkness until the lord and lady of duality created itself. ThisRead MoreLord Of The Flies Character Analysis1109 Words   |  5 Pagescharacters. All though they do not realize it, these characters represent everyday ideas of the human race such as civilization, rationalism, and inhumanity. The foremost characters, Ralph, Piggy, and Jack, each symbolize a human quality as they display their distinctive character traits throughout this intertwined novel. Ralph, the main protagonist of this novel, represents the ideas of civilization and democracy. When the school children first crashed onto the island, Ralph was the first to think

Building the Erie Canal - 19th Century History

Alzheimers Disease Essay - 1235 Words

Alzheimer’s Disease is an irreversible, genetically linked illness. This disease was chosen for the topic of this essay under the consideration that in many families the illness can be incredibly tragic, passing down for generations without mercy. It is not rare to encounter families in which each member is afflicted with a form, mild or severe, of Alzheimer’s. The disease is a progressive brain disease which comes in two separate types: Early-Onset Alzheimer’s Disease and Late-Onset Alzheimer’s Disease. These will be discussed in full later on in the paper. The symptoms of Alzheimer’s are extremely detrimental to the individual whom it affects, as the disease attacks the brain cells and their connections. As the illness progresses, many†¦show more content†¦At this point, coordination is at a point where falls are often major risks, and considering many cases of the disease occur in the elderly, this can become a fatal risk. Close relatives are soon to become unrecognizable and the long term memory of the individual begins to fade as the disease worsens. It is often that at this point of the disease, the patient is put into a care center, as they may become a burden to the family members around them. Emotions swing and become entirely unpredictable and often resistance to care will occur as the patients lose awareness of their condition and become confused with their surroundings. In advanced stages, loss of speech entirely can occur, though emotional signals can still be cognitive and recognizable. At this point, pertinent exhaustion and apathy are presented as the patient loses the ability to perform the most simplest of tasks. Because the patient becomes bedridden at this point, they are completely dependent on the caregivers. Death usually occurs at this point, not directly due to the disease, but from outside sources such as pneumonia. The first of the two types of the disease, Early-Onset Alzheimer’s Disease, is much more rare than its counterpart. Less than five percent of all people living with Alzheimer’s disease have this version. The demographic which it affects is between the ages of thirty and sixty. As this is a genetic disease, this version ofShow MoreRelatedAlzheimers Disease945 Words   |  4 PagesAlzheimer’s Disease Alzheimer’s Disease is a progressive neurological disease; it often attacks the brain tissues causing memory loss of one’s identity and regular behaviors. Statistics indicates that the rate of predicted people to get Alzheimer’s will increase briskly as time goes on. There are currently no cures for such disastrous disease, but there are currently approved treatments available that can help people within the early stages of Alzheimer’s. Once the disease is too far alongRead MoreAlzheimers Disease3170 Words   |  13 PagesThe Role of Caregiving to Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease Megan Zann April 27, 2012 Health Psychology Dr. Ackerman Introduction It is normal to periodically forget your keys or a homework assignment, because you generally remember these things later. However, individuals who suffer from Alzheimer’s disease may forget things more often, but they do not remember them again. The incidence of Alzheimer’s disease has dramatically increased because people are living longer. This is a result ofRead MoreEssay on Alzheimers Disease1503 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Alzheimer’s disease is a form of dementia that gets worse over time. It leads to nerve cell death, and tissue loss throughout the brain. Over time, the brain shrinks dramatically, affecting nearly all its functions. It gradually destroys a persons memory and ability to learn and carry out daily activities such as talking, eating, and going to the bathroom† (What Is Alzheimer’s). Early symptoms include personality changes, memory impairment, problems with language, decision-making ability, judgmentRead MoreAlzheimers Dis ease Essay2414 Words   |  10 PagesAlzheimers Disease Alzheimer’s disease is the disease of the century. This disease is affecting many lives, families, and caregivers. This research presented is to help educate on the topic of Alzheimer’s disease, which many people aren’t aware enough about. Statistics are given to show how extreme this disease is, and how many people it’s affecting in society. Also statistics are presented that give the amount of money being spent relating to Alzheimer’s disease. This research explainsRead MoreAlzheimer’s Disease Essay2544 Words   |  11 PagesAlzheimer’s disease defined: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive, terminal, degenerative brain disease. It is the fourth leading cause of death in adults and currently affects over four million people in the United States. This number is expected to increase over the next several years as the baby boomers age, until it reaches fourteen million by the year 2025. Alzheimer disease generally occurs in people over seventy five years of age; however it does strike people in their forties, fiftiesRead MoreEssay on Alzheimers Disease2405 Words   |  10 PagesAlzheimers Disease is a condition that affects 50% of the population over the age of eighty five, which equals four million Americans each year. It is becoming an important and high-profile issue in todays society for everyone. There are rapid advancements being made in the fight against this disease now more than ever, and the purpose of this essay is to educate the public on the background as well as the new discoveries. There are many new drugs that are being tested and studied every day whichRead MoreEssay on Alzheimers Disease813 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Topic: Alzheimer’s Disease Specific Purpose: To help my audience understand what Alzheimer’s Disease is. Thesis Statement: The need to educate people on Alzheimer’s Disease for family members or friends in-case a loved one is diagnosed. Introduction: A. What would one do if their family member or friend knew of someone who was diagnosed with Alzheimer’s Disease? What would they do to help or take care of this family member? Well, I work in a nursing home with the elderly with this diseaseRead MoreAlzheimers Disease Essay2168 Words   |  9 PagesAlzheimer’s disease or AD is an incurable disorder of the brain that results in loss of normal brain structure and function. In an AD brain, normal brain tissue is slowly replaced by structures called plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. The plaques represent a naturally occurring sticky protein called beta amyloid and in an Alzheimer’s brain, sufferer’s tend to accumulate too much of this protein. Neurofibrillary tangles represent collapsed tau proteins which, in a normal brain along with microtubulesRead MoreEssay on Alzheimers Disease 512 Words   |  3 Pagesmajor medical advancements like the world has never seen before, some diseases still continue t o plague the human race and confuse even some of the brightest scientists today. Unfortunately, Alzheimer Disease (AD) is one of them and it affects between 2.4 and 4.5 million people in America. Alzheimer’s is usually diagnosed in people over the age of 65, but in rarer cases people as young as 16 have it. Since it is a degenerative disease, patients develop it with few symptoms at an earlier stage, but thenRead More Alzheimer’s Disease Essay1176 Words   |  5 PagesAlzheimer’s Disease Alzheimer’s Disease is a disease of the future. With the growing aged population, this disease, which affects primarily the elderly, will become of increasing relevance to the medical profession. Also, the high frequency of Alzheimer’s, and the high cost in labor, money, and material of caring for its victims shall put considerable burden on the society as a whole. Here, however, these issues are not going to be debated. Instead the pathology of Alzheimer’s will be reviewed

Structuralism In Macbeth - 1232 Words

Introduction Shakespeare s play Macbeth follows the downfall of an already great hero Macbeth, a valiant warrior, who allows himself to be so intoxicated in his own ambition that he descends into a mad and thoughtless killer. Character archetype, Hamartia As a character archetype Macbeth is a tragic hero, in the play he is both a protagonist and an antagonist. His hamartia, tragic flaw, is his ambition and greed for power. Macbeth is consciously aware of his actions and the consequences to follow even before the murder of King Duncan. He expresses his self awareness throughout the play and most significantly in Act1 Scene 7 when he is onstage alone with the audience and admits in his soliloquy that killing King Duncan will not make him†¦show more content†¦Throughout the play dramatic irony is delivered through juxtapositions and metaphors. Because the play is short, the storyline is fast paced and in order to progress the plot in a sequential order the characters must interact and converse with each other under a sense of urgency. Aristotle s rules for a tragedy Aristotle s rules for a tragedy state: the protagonist, Macbeth, must fall from power to intense misery; the protagonist must then commit an act which holds them responsible for their own death. The play fits the description of Aristotle s rules however in Act 1 Scene 7 where Macbeth exposes his weakness on stage through his soliloquy the play no longer takes the course of a classic tragic structure. He is aware of his hamartia and they play can t be about his self discovery. This increased self awareness assures the audience that Macbeth knows he s done wrong, and knows he will do more wrong. Throughout the play Macbeth is forced to confront the fact that since he can t go back in time and undo what he has done, he must carry on. Rather than antagonizing Macbeth, Shakespeare uses this particular soliloquy to offer the audience the opportunity to grasp the extent of the consequences of his actions, and to allow the audience to sympathize and pity the fear Macbeth has of his own demise. All tying back to the ambiguous universal theme of good and bad, fate and free will. Macbeth s character developmentShow MoreRelatedThe Treatment Of Women In Shakespeares Much Ado About Nothing1941 Words   |  8 Pagesto endorse a view of women s nature, as Terence Hawkes believed. This idea of going against the male grain of the play and abandoning the female nature, dominated by marriage and the prospect of children, draws comparisons to Lady Macbeth in the play, Macbeth. This comparison is also relevant when Beatrice exclaims, O God that I were a man! (Act 4:1), when confronted by her own conflicting emotions in her desire for Claudio to be killed. This idea of women becoming unsexed to commit acts

Organizational Economic System and Its International Trade

Question: 1. Describe these following terms- a. Different Types of Organizations b. Organization that Meet Objectives of Stakeholders c. Responsibilities of Organization 2. Describe these following terms- a. Economic System b.(i) Two Main forms of Economic Organization (ii) Fiscal Policy in Bank of England c. UK Competition Act 1988 3. Describe these following terms- a. MEMO b. Market Forces c. Cultural Factor 4. Describe these following terms- a. International Trade b. International Factor c. European Union Policy Answer: Task 1 A.Different Types of Organizations Organization is a criterion of division of functions and work within a company candistinguish the following types of organization (Diefenbach, 2011): 1. Functional organization. The company's activities are divided into function in specific directions / specialized divisions. Each direction focuses exclusively on business issues that fall within their area of competence (e.g. marketing department, administration department, etc.). For example, the company's marketing activities are handled by the marketing department, the accounting and administrative management of the administrative and financial, etc. 2. Divisional organization. The business activities are divided into product or market specific divisions within which work is organized in a functional way. Each direction integrates itself a functional organization (accounting, marketing, research, etc.) Distinct from the others. 3. Matrix organization. It is a hybrid organization that integrates both the functional division that the divisional. The company functions are divided into specific functional directions as in the case of the functional organization. In place of the divisions they are appointed project managers with the task of coordinating and follow every aspect of the product / service expertise. In the matrix structure project manager coordinates every aspect of aproduct, a market or a sector business of the company. The project manager interacts with the functional divisions for everything related to their project. A difference in the organization of the organization divisional matrix does not show duplication of functional offices for each product / service. All types of business organizations are based on a'hierarchical organization that is on the respect of the principle of hierarchy under which corporate objectives and responsibilities are divided from the top (top management) to bottom (divisions / departments). Each business objective is broken down into sub-objectives and assigned to units of ' company based on the criterion of specialization and division of labor. As you go down the hierarchical ladder you go from work coordination (director, painting, etc.) To the operational work (employee, worker, etc.). Each business unit is responsible for the achievement of the objective or not assigned to the hierarchical superior (Diefenbach, 2011). Organization Factors B.Organization that Meet Objectives of Stakeholders Division Organization meet all the objectives of stakeholders, in the divisional structure, however, the company is "segmented" internally according to a size of the business, for example, for line of product / service or by the market. Each division, typically, has within it a functional structure, therefore some functions can be duplicated from one division to another, and can be centrally maintained some functions "not specific" such as administration and information systems. The main advantage of these structures is the ability to generate a form of internal competition between comparable units, which facilitates performance especially in contexts where the business presents strong elements of diversification. In this case, moreover, the efficiency of a functional structure would be put at risk by a complexity too high. In divisional structure, the organization works with structural divisions created based on criteria essentially attributable to products, markets and geographic countries (Diefenbach, 2011). The divisional structure for markets operates according to different markets, we finally the divisional structure by geographic area (for example: Europe, North America, etc.). A divisional organizational structure provides the possibility of separating business sectors too broad, especially for companies of a certain size. These groups or divisions are largely self-managed and focused on a limited aspect relating to products or services or to individual markets and countries. Unlike a functional structure, organized by departments, the divisional structure makes the individual more autonomous divisions, each with inside the manager with decision-making power that allows, often in complete autonomy to manage their own recruitment, budget, advertising, etc. The divisional structure meet all the objective of the stakeholders in of the organization (Diefenbach, 2011). Division Organization illustrates the following, i. The possibility for a single team to focus on a single product or service or a single line of products and services ii. There is an internal structure that supports the main strategic objectives and decision-making power. iii. The attention of a division can build a common culture and an esprit de corps that helps to lift the morale of those who work there. Organization Structure C.Responsibilities of Organization According to the Decree. N. 231/2001, the company is responsible for offenses committed in its interest or to its advantage: i. By "persons in positions of representation , of administration or management of the entity or one of its organizational units with financial and functional autonomy as well as persons who exercise, even de facto, managing and controlling the company. ii. By individuals who are managed or supervised by an individual in a top position (individuals under the so-called). iii. Increase the culture of responsibility among businesses, citizens and the local communities; iv. Supporting businesses that adopt CSR; v. Contribute to the strengthening of market incentives for CSR; vi. Promote initiatives of social enterprises and third sector organizations, active citizenship and civil society; vii. Promote transparency and disclosure of economic, financial, social and environmental; viii. Promote CSR through the tools recognized internationally and international cooperation. If the conditions for the application of a disqualification that interrupts the business of the court , in applying the sanctions, has the continuation of the business of part of a commissioner for a period equal to the duration of the disqualification that would be applied, if at least one of the following conditions: i. The entity carries out a public service or a service of public necessity the interruption of which may cause serious injury to collectivity; ii. The interruption of the entity may cause, taking into account its size and economic conditions of the area where it is located, a major impact on employment. Task 2 A.Economic System An economic system can be defined as the way political, social and economic by which a society be organized. Encompasses the type of ownership, management of the economy, the circulation processes of goods, consumption and levels of technological development and division of labor. In accordance with its definition, the basic elements of an economic system are (Dunning, 2014): i. The productive resources stocks or production factors, which are human resources (labor and entrepreneurship), capital, land, nature reserves and the technology. ii. The complex production units, which comprise the company. iii. The set of political, legal, economic and social, which form the basis of social organization. Economic system is the way society is organized, seeking to solve their problems of production, circulation and distribution of wealth. Regardless of the form of organization of society (Dunning, 2014). B.(i)Two Main forms of Economic Organization There are two main forms of economic organization: i. Market economy (or decentralized capitalist type) ii. Planned economy (or centralized, socialist type). The countries are organized on these two forms, or have some intermediate system between them. These differences or similarities in the overall functioning of the economy are explained by economists, who use the concept of economic system. Below, we detail these systems (Dunning, 2014).The economic system is the structure of production, allocation of funds, distribution and consumption of goods and services in an economy. A system of economic problems such as the shortage by allocating limited resources and products. The idea of an economic system carries with it the connotation of harmonized functionally articulated to achieve collective goals certain parts. During the joint parts, each society tries to solve the fundamental economic problem is the satisfaction of basic needs. In fact, the economic system does not present homogeneously, in order to observe contrasting shapes on the same social totality. Thus, in the most advanced capitalist persist craft forms of pre-capitalist production. Also in the socialist countries co-exist state ownership, cooperative ownership and the small and medium private rural property. Some scholars defend the thesis that, historically, the current economic system (capitalism and socialism) walked for an approach towards industrialized societies and bureaucratically managed centrally (Dunning, 2014). (ii)Fiscal Policy in Bank of England According to Governor Carney unlike the United States and Britain the euro zone countries are sinking deeper into the debt trap, because of a poor financial integration that makes it a little stronger EU fiscal policy. If the euro zone does not loosen the strict austerity policies on budgets and not making rapid progress towards fiscal union can transfer resources from rich countries to poor ones, the debt trap it ended could undermine progress made in these years. Governor of the Bank of England, in a speech at a conference in Dublin reported by British newspaper that they are launching a strong attack against austerity promoted in the countries of the euro zone if the Eurozone were a single country, fiscal policy would be much more effective (Dunning, 2014). Unfortunately instead Europe is not yet equipped with effective mechanisms to share risk and is relatively inflexible. Failure to complete the process of integration and restrictive fiscal policies are likely to plunge further into the debt trap of the 18 Member States holding the single currency. Since there was the financial crisis all major advanced economies have fallen into a debt trap, where low growth weigh down the debt burden, inducing the private sector to further cut spending, that when the economic weakness continues over time and is likely to damage the chances of recovery of these economies because of the capital and skills atrophy. The workers get discouraged and drop out of the workforce. Despite the difficulties, some countries, including the US and UK, are abandoning the liquidity trap. Other countries in the euro area are rather sinking in it. In order for monetary union to succeed is required at least a degree of financial risk-sharing among members. Therefore, the answer is to build institutions of risk sharing i.e. carry out all integration and financial arrangements for the definition of a common tax system (Dunning, 2014). Fiscal and Monetary Policy C.UK Competition Act 1988 UK Competition Act of Business 1988, is a competition law along with the Enterprise Act 2002. It is basically the framework to identify the restricted business in market. The target of this act was to harmonize UK and EU policy of competition. Chapter 1 and 2 reflect the complete structure of the framework. Chapter 1 It deals with restricted practices that are being engaged by the operator of the company in UK for restriction and to avoid the competition. There are horizontal agreements that are between the level of supply chain likewise consumer and supplier. These agreements is limited to output, collusively share information, tender, fix prices collectively. Exclusions from restriction are accessible if the firm can exhibit that these practices are in light of a legitimate concern for the customer through expanding business sector efficiencies or propelling specialized advancement. Chapter 2 It manages the misuse of a predominant position by a firm who uses practices, for example, savage estimating, over the top costs, refusal to supply, vertical limitations and value segregation to amplify benefit, increase upper hand or generally confine rivalry. In exploring affirmed ruptures of section II a two-stage procedure is included. Firstly it must be distinguished if the firm really has an overwhelming business sector position. This should be possible through different focus files, for example, the Herfindahl- Hirchman Index (HHI). By and large if a firm is found to have a piece of the overall industry in abundance of 40% then it is viewed as a danger to rivalry. There are no exclusions to part II as by its extremely definition as "misuse" of a business sector position, one must be blameworthy of wrongdoing for the part to apply (Polak, 2013). Task 3 A.MEMO To XYZ From ABC Dated DD/MM/YYYY Market research is primarily concerned the study and analysis of the behavior expressed and decision making processes (motivation) of consumers in a market economy, or the definition of the structure of a market. They are a source of information for those who, within a ' company that produces goods or services, must take marketing decisions. Marketing research can be defined as studies to select all the relevant information used for decisions regarding the products, distribution, and effectiveness of advertising and promotional techniques and the evaluation of the overall position of the company (Polak, 2013). Market research aimed at a narrower scope of analysis, being rigidly connected to the identification of market information of a particular good. They are exploratory and are used to assess specific aspects of the market. The price analysis is primarily concerned - as part of the marketing research - the cognitive process that gives value to the product or service offered. In particular, this value can be expressed in absolute terms (considering, for example, if a price is perceived as expensive or cheap) or in relative terms (more or less expensive than competitors). In particular, highly developed is the research on the reactions of buying behavior in the face of price changes, known as price sensitivity (Polak, 2013). B.Market Forces Macroeconomics Macroeconomics is the study of economic activity as the majority of the country's total output, employment, finance and banking. Development International Trade Interest rate all that is wider than microeconomics. The economy in the majority of countries of the region to the global study on the overall productivity of the country. Or income, employment levels, consumer spending habits of households, imports, exports, trade balance and so on.Macroeconomics is a look at the economic aspect of the big picture. The whole country is looking. This person is responsible for ensuring this is the government. The government macroeconomic policy is aimed at two. i. The main variables in the macroeconomic level. ii. The economic environment is in a stable condition stable. There are many economic variables. It can be classified into the following four topics. i. Economic growth (Economic Growth) high and sustained demand. ii. Unemployment (Unemployment) require less. iii. Inflation (Inflation) need at least stable. It will help businesses make decisions more easily. iv. Balance (Balance of Payment) try not deficits. Technological evolution The process of technological evolution culminates with the ability to reach all the material values technologically possible and desirable by the mind of man. An economic implication of this idea is that the intellectual work will become more important than the physical work. The contracts and agreements relating to information will become increasingly common in the market economy. The emergence and spread of new types of institutions that have to do with the information, (e.g. universities, libraries, patent trade, etc.), Are a sign that a society is in a phase of technological evolution. Interestingly, all this highlights the importance of the debate on intellectual property within the decentralized distribution systems, as is the case today with the Internet, where the price of distribution of the information is going to zero, thanks to the invention tools more effective for the distribution of information, and with increasing amounts of information that are distributed to customers growing over time. Globalization Globalization is a process of interdependence economic, social, cultural, political and technological whose positive and negative effects have a global relevance, tending to even out the trade, culture, customs and thinking. Globalization is an economic process for which markets, production, consumption, and also ways of living and thinking become connected on a worldwide scale, thanks to a continuous flow of exchanges that makes them interdependent and tends to unify them. It is the result of a process that lasts a long time and over the last three decades has had a strong acceleration in conjunction with the third industrial revolution. The term "globalization" (new mintage), has been used by economists to refer mainly to the economic aspects of the relationship between people and companies multinationals. Market Forces Graph C.Cultural Factor Management The management is, strictly speaking, the set of actions to be taken to the ' company can pursue their aims in business planning and making choices concerning the relations between its constituents (people and technology). Management in this respect is therefore not synonymous with management, although in ordinary language the two concepts tend to overlap; on the other hand there is no doubt that management is one of the most important aspects of management. Intrapreneurship Business undertaking is the demonstration of acting like a business person while working inside of an extensive association. Enterprise endeavor is known as the act of a corporate administration style that incorporates danger taking and development approaches, and in addition the prize and motivational systems, that are all the more generally considered similar to the territory of business. Task 4 A.International Trade To develop the local economy, the public revenue. The well-being it is inevitable that countries will have to have contact with foreign economic transactions in various fields. Whether a trade or foreign investment because the market is considered to be an important source of income to the country. Therefore, UK is required to economic transactions to improve the domestic economy is growing. This transaction is an important economic aspects of international trade, which is vital to the economic development between countries in the following areas. i. It is a critical tool in creating economic growth for developing countries, especially in regard to exports, the economy has expanded, and with greater domestic demand are producing goods for export to the sale. More international and contributes to employment. ii. Resources are used wisely and efficiently, that is. With the use of domestic resources to produce their own right and can export to foreign countries by reducing the amount of goods that they do not feel down. The use of domestic resources fully and more effectively. iii. Make the domestic market is expanding due to increased domestic production, because trade between the two markets, the market is the domestic market and international market, which is good for the local people in the cause of employment. And contributes to rising national income. iv. The development of knowledge. Skills and technologies that have improved the development of domestic production. The need to use modern technology to use in their work. Which contributes to public knowledge. The ability to learn and developments in the use of tools to provide quality products to export to foreign competition. v. International Trade has made international capital flows from developed countries to developing countries. Especially in terms of international investment, that is. Enterprises must consider the location of establishment to close export markets to reduce production costs. B. International Factor Economic factors that Effect on 'EUR / USD Exchanging of the coupling the EUR/USD can frequently include seeing the distinctive adaptations of business news and different news that influence the change. The fundamental monetary discharges have tremendous impact on the heading of the conversion scale and are always observed by administrators to get signs about the bearing of coinage. Notwithstanding financing costs and vocation, other monetary discharges impact the rate EUR/USD. i. Gross Domestic Product - The annual change in value of all goods and services produced in an economy. ii. Trade Balance - The difference in value between imports and exports in an economy, a premium indicates a greater number of exports while the deficit indicates a greater number of imports. iii. Retail, Consumer Price Index and the Producer Price - All these indicators measure the inflation pressure in the economy and affect monetary policy and interest rates of the central bank of a country. iv. Sentimental indicators - Polls sentimental as the German ZEW Economic Sentiment and the University of Michigan Consumer Sentiment Indicator (Indicator of Consumer Sentiments University of Michigan) give traders indications on the overall perception of the strength of an economy and can significantly influence the market. v. Factors critical to the analysis EURO / DOLLAR also include international news. For example, the riots in Greece or a lowering of the US debt can have a significant effect on the exchange rate of the currency. UK GDP Rate C.European Union Policy Subsidizing of union strategy has conveyed advantages to a great many EU nationals, not just through the formation of occupations and the advancement of conditions helpful for development, additionally through venture for the modernization of framework, natural changes, business backing and instruction, preparing and enhancing the abilities of individuals. Examine the effect and aftereffects of attachment arrangement is of essential significance to guarantee its proceeding with achievement. With the end goal of straightforwardness and responsibility, it is vital that natives recognize what is accomplished with ventures of this arrangement. In this manner, additionally, you can gain from best practices from somewhere else and ceaselessly enhance projects and activities. The impact on business Support to business development: 230,000 SMEs received financial support (mainly grants but also loans and venture capital) and further 1.1 million have received advice and support for networking, they created approximately 1 000 000 EU jobs. Impact on the economy Income increasing rapidly in the poorest regions: Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita in the less developed regions of the EU (the so-called Objective 1 regions) increased from 66% of the EU25 average in 2000 to 71% in 2006. Impact on the environment Environmental improvements: cohesion policy has contributed significantly to ensuring that the regions comply with EU environmental standards. For example, 20 million more people are now served by modern water supply systems, while 23 million others have systems for wastewater treatment. Impact on transport infrastructure Modernization of transport links: Cohesion Policy has funded almost 4,700 km of motorway and 1,200 km of high-speed rail network. This means that 77% of the highways built in weights beneficiaries of cohesion policy, and nearly 56% of high-speed rail network has received co-financing of cohesion policy. References Diefenbach, T., Sillince, J. A. (2011). Formal and informal hierarchy in different types of organization. Organization Studies, 32(11), 1515-1537. https://oss.sagepub.com/content/32/11/1515.short Dunning, J. H. (2014). Economic analysis and multinational enterprise. Routledge. https://books.google.com.pk/books?hl=enlr=id=ux1IAwAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PP1 dq=economic+system+ukots=qz6JtkhA_Xsig=SZmB6_umcKg3WtEurrAqjHEFlF E#v=onepageqf=false Johnson, H. G. (2013). International Trade and Economic Growth (Collected Works of Harry Johnson): Studies in Pure Theory. Routledge. https://books.google.com.pk/books?hl=enlr=id=QTIAxxd54VsCoi=fndpg=PP1 dq=international+tradeots=8LP-CwEayMsig=RHwGWRPDKF0u1vBSKbSiQl_o0LQ#v=onepageq=international%2 0tradef=false McGovern, E. (2015). International trade regulation (Vol. 2). Globefield Press. https://books.google.com.pk/books?hl=enlr=id=3O8Oci9mZq4Coi=fndpg=PP1 dq=international+tradeots=OdOPn6-0txsig=XweeHy4RqWk46hbx2xbmU5G4x-I#v=onepageq=international%20tradef=false Polak, J. J. (2013). An international economic system (Vol. 7). Routledge. https://books.google.com/books?hl=enlr=id=2SdFAQAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PP1d q=economic+system+ukots=osWXBopxNfsig=ADWlCoZwi9Q8YQknfogPnGjRAh k#v=onepageq=economic%20system%20ukf=false Richardson, J., Mazey, S. (Eds.). (2015). European Union: power and policy-making. Routledge. https://books.google.com/books?hl=enlr=id=l0ihBgAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PP1dq= european+union+policyots=E7-jD0indzsig=X5C5UbkHBixe- du_hmBP8x2xOwI#v=onepageq=european%20union%20policyf=false

Brief History Of Library Automation 19301996 Essay free essay sample

Brief History Of Library Automation 1930-1996 Essay, Research Paper Brief History of Library Automation: 1930-1996An machine-controlled library is one where a computing machine system is used tomanage one or several of the library # 8217 ; s cardinal maps such asacquisitions, seriess control, cataloging, circulation and the publicaccess catalog. When researching the history of library mechanization, itis possible to return to past centuries when visionaries good beforethe computing machine age created devices to help with their book lendingsystems. Even as far back as 1588, the innovation of the French # 8220 ; BookWheel # 8221 ; allowed bookmans to revolve between books by stepping on a pedalthat turned a book tabular array. Another interesting illustration was the # 8220 ; BookIndicator # 8221 ; , developed by Albert Cotgreave in 1863. It housed miniaturebooks to stand for books in the library # 8217 ; s aggregation. The miniaturebooks were portion of a design that made it possible to find if abook was in, out or delinquent. These and many mo re illustrations of earlyingenuity in library systems exist, nevertheless, this paper will concentrate onthe more recent computing machine mechanization get downing in the early twentiethcentury. The Beginnings of Library Automation: 1930-1960It could be said that library mechanization development began in the1930 # 8217 ; s when punch card equipment was implemented for usage in librarycirculation and acquisitions. During the 30 # 8217 ; s and early 40 # 8217 ; s progresson computing machine systems was slow which is non surprising, given theDepression and World War II. In 1945, Vannevar Bush envisioned anautomated system that would hive away information, including books, personal records and articles. Bush ( 1945 ) wrote about a conjectural # 8221 ; memex # 8221 ; system which he described as a mechanical library that wouldallow a user to see stored information from several different accesspoints and expression at several points at the same time. His thoughts are wellknown as the footing for hypertext and mputers for their operations. Thefirst appeared at MIT, in 1957, with the development of COMIT, pull offing lingual calculations, natural linguistic communication and the ability tosearch for a peculiar twine of information. Librarians so movedbeyond a vision or thought for the usage of computing machines, given thetechnology, they were able brand great progresss in the usage of computersfor library systems. This lead to an detonation of library automationin the 60 # 8217 ; s and 70 # 8217 ; s. Library Automation Officially is Underway: 1960-1980The promotion of engineering lead to additions in the usage ofcomputers in libraries. In 1961, a important innovation by bothRobert Noyce of Intel and Jack Kirby of Texas Instruments, workingindependently, was the incorporate circuit. All the constituents of anelectronic circuit were placed onto a individual # 8220 ; bit # 8221 ; of Si. Thisinvention of the integrated circuit and freshly developed disc and tapestorage devices gave computing machines the velocity, storage and ability neededfor online synergistic processing and telecommunications. The new potency for computing machine usage guided one bibliothec to develop anew indexing technique. HP. Luhn, in 1961, used a computing machine to producethe # 8220 ; keyword in context # 8221 ; or KWIC index for articles looking inChemical Abstractions. Although keyword indexing was non new, it wasfound to be really suited for the computing machine as it was cheap andit presented multiple entree points. Through the usage of Luhn # 8217 ; s keywordindexing, it was found that bibliothecs had the ability to putcontrolled linguistic communication index footings on the computing machine. By the mid-60 # 8217 ; s, computing machines were being used for the production ofmachine clear catalog records by the Library of Congress. Between1965 and 1968, LOC began the MARC I project, followed rapidly by MARCII. MARC was designed as manner of # 8220 ; labeling # 8221 ; bibliographic records using3-digit Numberss to place Fieldss. For illustration, a ticket might bespeak # 8221 ; ISBN, # 8221 ; while another ticket indicates # 8220 ; publi cation day of the month, # 8221 ; and yetanother indicates # 8220 ; Library of Congress capable headers # 8221 ; and so on. In1974, the MARC II format became the footing of a standard incorporatedby NISO ( National Information Standards Organization ) . This was asignificant development because the criterions created meant that abibliographic record could be read and transferred by the computerbetween different library systems. ARPANET, a web established by the Defense Advanced ResearchProjects Agency in 1969 brought into being the usage of electronic mail, telnet and file transfer protocol. By 1980, a sub-net of ARPANET made MELVYL, theUniversity of California s online public entree catalog, available ona national degree. ARPANET, would go the paradigm for othernetworks such as CSNET, BITNET, and EDUCOM. These webs have almostdisappeared with the development of ARPANET to NSFNET which has becomethe present twenty-four hours Internet. During the 1970 # 8217 ; s the innovations o f the integrated computing machine chipand storage devices caused the usage of minicomputers and microcomputersto grow well. The usage of commercial systems for searchingreference databases ( such as DIALOG ) began. BALLOTS ( BibliographicalAutomation of Large Library Operations ) in the late 1970 # 8217 ; s was one ofthe foremost and subsequently became the foundation for RLIN ( the ResearchLibraries Information Network ) . BALLOTS was designed to integrateclosely with the proficient processing maps of the library andcontained four chief files: ( 1 ) Marc records from LOC ; ( 2 ) an in-processfile containing information on points in the processing phase ; ( 3 ) a catalog informations file incorporating an online record for each point ; and ( 4 ) a mention file. F urther, it contained a wide search retrievalcapability with the ability to search on truncated words, keywords,and LC subject headings, for example. OCLC, the On-line Computer Library Center began in 1967, chartered inthe state of Ohio. This significant project facilitated technicalprocessing in library systems when it started it’s first cooperativecataloging venture in 1970. It went on-line in 1971. Since that timeit has grown considerably, providing research and utihypermedia.In order to have automation, there must first be a computer. Thedevelopment of the computer progressed substantially from 1946 to1961, moving quickly though a succession of vacuum tubes, transistorsand finally to silicon chips. From 1946 to 1947 two significantcomputers were built. The ENIAC I (Electronic Numerical Integrator andCalculator) computer was developed by John Mauchly and J. PresperEckert at the University of Pennsylvania. It contained over 18,000vacuum tubes, weighed thirty tons and was ho used in two stories of abuilding. It was intended for use during World War II but was notcompleted in time. Instead, it was used to assist the development ofthe hydrogen bomb. Another computer, EDVAC, was designed to store twoprograms at once and switch between the sets of instructions. A majorbreakthrough occurred in 1947 when Bell Laboratories replaced vacuumtubes with the invention of the transistor. The transistors decreasedthe size of the computer, and at the same time increased the speed andcapacity. The UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer) became thefirst computer using transistors and was used at the U.S. Bureau ofthe Census from 1951 until 1963.Software development also was in progress during this time. Operating systems and programming languages were developed for thecomputers being built. Librarians needed text-based computerlanguages, different from the first numerical languages invented forthe number crunching â€Å"monster computers†, in order to be able to u secolities designed to provide users with the ability to accessbibliographic records, scientific and literary information whichcontinues to the present .Library Automation 1980-presentThe 70’s were the era of the dummy terminal that were used to gainaccess to mainframe on-line databases. The 80’s gave birth to a newrevolution. The size of computers decreased, at the same time,technology provided faster chips, additional RAM and greater storagecapacity. The use of microcomputers during the 1980’s expandedtremendously into the homes, schools, libraries and offices of manyAmericans. The microcomputer of the 80’s became a useful tool forlibrarians who put to them to use for everything from word processingto reference, circulation and serials.On-line Public Access Catalogs began to be used extensively the1980’s. Libraries started to set-up and purchase their own computersystems as well as connect with other established library networks. Many of these we re not developed by the librarians themselves, but byvendors who supplied libraries with systems for everything fromcataloging to circulation. One such on-line catalog system is the CARL(Colorado Alliance of Research Libraries) system. Various othersoftware became available to librarians, such as spreadsheets anddatabases for help in library administration and informationdissemination.The introduction of CD-ROMs in the late 80 s has changed the waylibraries operate. CD-ROMs became available containing databases,software, and information previously only available through print,making the information more accessible. Connections to â€Å"outside†databases such as OCLC, DIALOG, and RLIN continued, however, in theearly 90’s the databases that were previously available on-line becameavailable on CD-ROM, either in parts or in their entirety. Librariescould then gain information through a variety of options.The nineties are giving rise to yet another era in libraryautomation. The use of networks for e-mail, ftp, telnet, Internet, andconnections to on-line commercial systems has grown. It is nowpossible for users to connect to the libraries from their home oroffice. The world wide web which had it’s official start date asApril of 1993 is becoming the fastest growing new provider ofinformation. It is also possible, to connect to international librarysystems and information through the Internet and with ever improvingtelecommunications. Expert systems and knowledge systems have becomeavailable in the 90 s as both software and hardware capabilities haveimproved. The technology used for the processing of information hasgrown considerably since the beginnings of the thirty ton computer. With the development of more advanced silicon computer chips, enlargedstorage space and faster, increased capacity telecommunication lines,the ability to quickly process, store, send and retrieve informationis causing the current information delivery services to flouris h. BibliographyBush, V. (1945).As we may think. Atlantic Monthly. 176(1), 101-8. Duval, B.K. Main, L. (1992). Automated Library Systems: A LibrariansGuide and Teaching Manual. London: MecklerNelson, N.M., (Ed.) (1990). Library Technology 1970-1990: Shaping theLibrary of the Future. Research Contributions from the 1990 Computersin Libraries Conference. London: Meckler. Pitkin, G.M. (Ed.) (1991). The Evolution of Library Automation:Management Issues and Future Perspectives. London: Meckler. Title:A Brief History of Library Automation: 1930-1996