The Importance Of A Community - 1489 Words

Name: Callum Hutchinson Age:13 In game name: CallumOg soon to be CallumOG Do you have twitch or youtube channel:no have u previously been banned: no do u have a head set: no i just wear headphones with a mic What languages can u speak I know a little bit of Spanish. a little bit of french. My main language is English. Why do you want this rank?: I would want this rank to not only help out the community but to help out the staff. I dedicate all of my time towards the server to make a more welcoming community instead of a toxic place to be. I love to dedicate my time to a community that I have loved for many weeks. Anyways, I am a pretty active player myself, I have been working on with many communities and they do not seem to fit my†¦show more content†¦Explain some cases in which you would perm-ban/temp-ban people: Hacking: I would ban the player with proof. Spamming: I will temp mute the player for around 15-30 minutes with proof of the player spamming. Racism: Perm mute the player, I would not Tolerate Racism. It should never be okay. Harassment Towards players // Staff: I will warn the player first if the player continues I will Tempmute the player. DDOS Threats: Perm ban. Doesnt matter who you are, should never be tolerated. IRL Scamming: I will get proof before a ban. I will ban or tempban the player depending on the circumstances. Advertising: Perm mute or a Perm Ban. Advertising other servers shouldnt be allowed either. Leaking personal information: whether this be on discord or on teamspeak, it should not be allowed, whether leaking the staffs or the members information, I will Perm ban the player, with proof. Tell us a little bit about yourself: My name is Callum, I go to an high school in somerset England. When I am older i really want to be a football player or a f1 driver but in my spare time i will come on the server and help everyone out with there feelings and if they need stuff i will give them what i can do to my best off my abilitys Why are you applying for Helper: I am applying for helper because I feel like I can help the community not in a positive way but in a more of a helpful way. I have seen many staff members in the community resign. I am the staff member that willShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Community Service1451 Words   |  6 PagesThe Importance of Community Service What is community service? If you asked me at my grade 8 graduation, I would have said that it was 40 hours of volunteering required to receive your high school diploma. I probably would have commented that it wouldn’t be hard to do- I mean it was only 10 hours every year. I might have also mentioned that I didn’t have a plan on how I was going to complete the requirement, but I would figure something out. Four years and over 200 community service hours laterRead MoreThe Importance Of Volunteering In The Community1074 Words   |  5 PagesVolunteering in the community helps develop a connection with the community. Communities are people who help one another to make an impact in someone’s life. Giving back to those that helped one previously can make a difference. Giving up a few hours during the week to volunteer at a summer reading program at the community library can bring joy in some child’s life. Supporting and helping younger children learn in our c ommunity brings me pride. Volunteering is a way to give back to your community and gain workRead MoreThe Importance Of Community Policy1649 Words   |  7 PagesDay, Thanksgiving, and Christmas. On rare occasions, there may be time that due to staffing and/or emergencies the office may be closed. We apologize for any inconveniences this may cause. NAMI Ventura County programs best meet the needs of the community when they are consistent and reliable. To that end, NAMI Ventura County will do their best not to cancel programs or meetings. We ask all volunteers to please take their commitment very seriously. Occasionally, it may be necessary to cancel orRead MoreEssay on The Importance of Community1238 Words   |  5 PagesCommunity is very important and has many factors like kinship, unity, and identity. Community helps society because it creates solutions, provides security and reveals dedication. It discovers truthfulness. Communities are part of everyday life and have positive affects on its members. Communities can be found everywhere and can be created anywhere. You may be unaware of it, but you are part of a community not only based on your location, but also based on your lifestyle,Read MoreThe Importance of a Pharmacist in the Community1479 Words   |  6 PagesThe importance of a pharmacist in the community. This is because they will always provide medical care, consultation services, and health care advices to the community. A doctor, a caretaker, a Pharmacist, my mother, my brother, and sister are people of medicine who form part of this unique community, which has existed for ages. There is no doubt that from the early colonial days to the modern days, pharmaceutical services are needed in our daily lives. The paper aims at identifying the discourseRead MoreThe Importance Of The Local Community For The Host Community Essay1773 Words   |  8 Pagesas develop the local pride of the people and aid the visitors in identifying the vibrant culture of the local city. The role of the local community in the cultural heritage plays a vibrant role in developing tourism through festivals. The events held are seen as a sifnificant instrument for attracting tourists as well as building an image in different communities. Some of the processes in regard to this form of cultural tourism are as such, increased resources for the conservationd and preservationRead MoreThe Importance Of Community College1075 Words   |  5 Pagesindividuals are faced with questions about college. These questions, whether it be committing to a community college or a university or deciding to commute or live on campus, determine the course a students’ life takes while in college. Finding a college that fits each individual person and their unique needs is a difficult task that takes time and patience. I believe revamping the structure of community colleges will benefit students of all ages. Remodeling the acceptance and tuition requirements,Read MoreThe Im portance Of Community Media766 Words   |  4 PagesThe findings from dissertation indicate a preference among community journalists for print, indicating a gatekeeping choice focused upon the more profitable platform. While not mentioned in the findings, an interesting email from a survey respondent stated that while he (or she) would complete the survey he (or she) focused on print in their job because the web is where community media go to lose money. Another potential survey respondent, who declined to participate did respond by email as wellRead MoreThe Importance of Schools to a Community Essay821 Words   |  4 PagesRunning head: The Importance of Schools in a Community The Importance of Schools in a Community Community Development Executive Summary This case study will focus on the effects of a redistricting decision in Calvert County, Maryland. There were three possible plans that were being considered. The redistricting plans centered on the opening of a new elementary school in central Calvert County. The proposed plans would all have profound effects on three different schools and many neighborhoodsRead MoreThe Importance Of Volunteering In Community Service764 Words   |  4 PagesVolunteering in my community services programs for various activities has been the most important and influential thing that I can offer to my community. It has allowed me to show honestly, integrity, and hard work. Volunteering far supersedes financial gain since time has the ability to expand one’s perception of availability. Activities such as volunteering at the local food bank, trash pick-up, or mentoring at elementary schools are considered meaningful volunteering activities, which I have been

Factors Affecting Online Shopping - 1438 Words

Factors Affecting Customers’ Satisfaction in the Environment of Online Shopping 1. Abstract Online shopping is a process of buying and selling of products and services through the Internet. Online shopping has become the fastest-growing industry and Internet users have reported that online shopping is one of their primary uses of Internet. With the help of online shopping, the consumers can purchase clothing, shoes, books, airline and events tickets, foods, computers hardware and so on. In the present study an attempt have been made to analyze the perception of the young people towards online shopping in Punjab. For the analysis of data descriptive statistics have been applied. Majority of the) respondents assumed that transaction†¦show more content†¦The development of internet has created a paradigm shift of the traditional way people shop. A consumer is no longer bound to opening times for specific locations; he can become active at virtually any time and place and purchase of products or services. The number of internet users is constantly increasing which also signifies that online purchasing is increasing. The previous primary reason for shopping online was price, which has now changed to convenience. The importance of analyzing and identifying factors that influence the consumer when consumer decides to buy on the internet is crucial Since the internet is a new medium, there have been new demands set by the consumer. That is why it is crucial for the online retailers to know the factors which influence the online consumer. Internet is changing the way consumers shop and buy goods or services and has rapidly evolved into a global phenomenon. Many companies have started using the Internet with the aim of cutting marketing costs, thereby, reducing the price of their products and services in order to stay ahead in highly competitive markets. Customers use the Internet not only to buy the product online, but also to compare prices, product features and after sale service facilities, Many experts are optimistic about the prospect of online business (Shergill and Chen, 2005).Show MoreRelatedFactors Affecting Online Shopping13393 Words   |  54 Pagesto everyday activities has become so common in recent times that it has completely changed the way we live. Previous day to day activities such as communication, socializing and even consultancy which were undertaken face to face have since moved online. Consequently this has changed the way business transactions are conducted as well. The improvement of technology for internet communications such as the development of widely available broadband services and increasingly fast fiber-optic networksRead MoreAn Evaluation of the Factors Affecting the Online Shopping Intentions of Consumers in China3131 Words   |  13 PagesAbstract Online shopping has grown rapidly in China over the last decade, yet there are only a few studies in Chinese context. This research focuses on B2C (Business to Customer) and C2C (Customer to Customer) to identify the factors that affect online shopping intention of consumers in both positive and negative aspects. However, there are some differences exist that influence online shopping intention among different countries. As a result, this essay evaluates the determinants of online shoppingRead MoreLiterature Review On The Field Of Online Shopping1187 Words   |  5 Pagesincludes reading research papers to get a clearer image of recent advancements in the field of Online shopping . In-fact we believe research is the most essential phase of our project because this is the first time we are working on this particular type of project and it’s a challenge for us. So, to make ourselves feel comfortable with this project it was quite necessary for us to understand Online shoppin g its various application and the ongoing researches in this field. Literature review is an essentialRead MoreQuestions On Online Shopping Development1748 Words   |  7 Pagesrepurchases. In last decades, online shopping speedily develops and deeply impacts traditional shopping. Customers and retailers are allowed to run business without limitation of geography and temporal barriers around world. By the advantages of Internet, lower prices will be provided in online markets while improve social welfare (Bapna et al. 2008), more selected product , and higher efficiency than traditional markets (Ghose et al. 2006). 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Online shopping conduct (additionally called web purchasing conduct and Internet shopping/purchasing conduct) implies to the procedure ofRead MoreFactors Affecting The Indian Online Retail Market1201 Words   |  5 PagesOnline retail market in India: Recent changes in the Retail environment in India have pave way for major changes in the infrastructure, technology, regulation, shift in demographic patterns and changes in consumer preferences Broadbridge and Srivastava (2008). The main reasons for the transformation of retail market in India are factors such as rising disposable income, socio-economic growth, urbanization, demographic transitions, increasing middle income group and high demand. Broadbridge and SrivastavaRead MoreThe Role of the Internet in Supply Chain Management1872 Words   |  7 Pagesanalyze parts of the supply chain and thus optimize it even further. This assignment will discuss about the e-SCM system and how company will gain competitive advantages through the use of e-SCM system. The industry chosen for analysis is modern online shopping company such as Amazon, e-Bay and Taobao. Various Aspects of e-Supply Chain Management System Organisations make use of information system to improve their operations at all level. Michael Porter first introduce in 1985 of the Value ChainRead MoreOnline Shopping Is Invented By Michael Aldrich1500 Words   |  6 PagesOnline shopping was invented by Michael Aldrich in the U.K. in 1979 using the technology called Videotext. It was an interactive information system that connected a modified domestic TV to a real-time transaction processing computer via a domestic telephone line (Aldrich, 2011). In 1990, Tim Berners-Lee created the world-wide web server and browser in the U.K. to complement the online technology and thus, unlocked the Internet’s potential (Jarvenpaa and Todd, 1997; Aldrich, 2011). Hence today, online

Conflict Management & Negotiation

Question: Describe about the Conflict Management Negotiation. Answer: Introduction People management is an essential task which rest upon the manager of an organization. Conflict is a common phenomenon which arise at every place. There is a necessity to handle the employees properly to get an effective result. Conflict management is a process to limit the negative aspect in an organization. Managers are using diagnosis tools to resolve the disputes. Conflicts affect the productivity in an organization. Various scholars has given theories to manage the conflict with a proper remedy. The success of an organization depends on ability of an organization to adopt the diversity at workplace. Conceptual understanding helps in dealing with a high accuracy through proper strategies. Literature review Conflict is generally understood as a negative term which creates fear in the mind of the managers (Eunson.2012). In such a situation it is becoming more essential to deal with high level of efficiency to resolve the issue (Dana.2001). Conflicts/disagreement is a common phenomenon which may arise at anytime in the organization. Instead of stressing oneself managers should focus on finding remedies (Dunne.2003). Conflict management is a process to limit the negative aspects related to a conflict by introducing positive aspects (Raines.2012). It aims to increase the mutual contribution by involving group. Conflict management includes effective implementation of the performance in the organization while setting goals (Johnson Keddy.2010). Efficiently managed conflict increase the capacity of the organization. Cultural diversity at workplace is creating difficulty for the managers to address the people from the different background (McConnon McConnon.2011). However a diverse environment at workplace is helpful to increase the productivity and overall performance. Diverse workforce creates an urgency to implement serious strategies (Doherty Guyler.2008). The success of an organization depends on ability of an organization to adopt the diversity at workplace. Conceptual understanding helps in dealing with a high accuracy through proper strategies (Quinn et al.2015). Mangers play a vital role by dealing with the issues effectively and managing the interpersonal relationships (Omari Paull.2015). Conflict management has become an important constituent in a modern organization. The managers have to deal with it in day-to-day operations (Deutsch. ET al.2011). However there are various views led by scholars who focus on managing conflict is a natural or an adverse process. The traditional scholars see conflict are harmful and affect the growth of the organization. Hence it is necessary to eliminate it at an early stage (Grant Kirton.2007). Others find conflict as a natural and inevitable process and should be managed efficiently. Whereas the other group believes that there should be a regular interaction in between the employee and the employer to minimize the conflict (Tidwell.2001). The first step towards conflict management is to understand the conflict and the manner it is affecting the productivity. Conflict arises due to clash in interest within the organization. It is essential to understand that there is a difference in between the organizational and individual goals (P roksch.2016). It is the duty of the manager to create a balance in between them. However conflicts are an inseparable part in the organization but dysfunctional conflicts are the reason for the underperformance (Bercovitch Jackson.2009). The manager should plan the working as per the nature of the conflict. (I.e. functional and dysfunctional conflict)(Kehoe.2013). There are various methodologies to resolve the conflict by avoiding the situation and finding the correct situations (Bercovitch, Kremenyuk Zartman.2008). The best strategy to resolve the conflict is through integration of the problems and finding the remedies. Problem solving attitude is essential to resolve the conflicts with mutual cooperation and assertiveness (Cloke Goldsmith.2011). These types of strategy help in building confidence in the employees and enhance the result (Carter.2005). Conflict Resolution focuses on merging the interest of the employees and the organization which result in successful incorporation and matches the predictable outcome (Eggert Falzon.2015). The manager should focus on deriving a theory which provides an insight into the matter. Temporary resolution is not the solution while structuring the policies (Krivis.2005). Communication pattern helps in removing the gap in the mind of the employees (Rahim.2001). Various antecedent conflicts as discussed by Robbins are communication, difference in the personal value in the organization, structures and differences (Schermerhorn. ET al.2004). It is recommended by various authors to adopt a set of sequences to eliminate the conflict. This procedure helps in making decision whether interference is required or not. Quinn has suggested four stages of a conflict process which are latent conflict, felt conflict, overt conflict, and outcome (Quinn et al. 2015). Manager is recommended to follow the procedure to resolve the conflict at the organization. He has to implement his knowledge and skills to achieve a positive outcome (Sickels.2008). The nature of the conflict is only understood when at least one party is affected by the present situation. There are various conflicts handling behavior which focus upon finding a correct remedy for the situation (Posthuma.2011). The author has defined various conditions which plays a pivotal role in competing against the conflict. There is a situation where one party tries to avoid the situation by ignoring it (Speakman Ryals.2010). A party tries to accommodate itself as per the demand of the current situation. Perhaps in this theory the employer tries to focus on a win-win situation (Thomas.1992). Compromise is a situation where each party with the conflict tries to resolve the situation. Under certain circumstance the party tries to collaborate with each other as a party of remedy (Depledge.2013). Negotiation is a part of the conflict resolution strategy. The negotiator tries to find a situation which benefits both the parties to the conflict (Gates.2015). Integrative negotiation is a way through which a negotiator finds a way to divide the outcome whereas distributive negotiation is more collaborative and causes expansion of the possible outcome. The negotiation style varies from person to person (Opresnik.2014). The outcome of the result depends upon the inter-personal skills of the negotiator. A perfect negotiation is a way to find a win-win situation which provides long term benefit to an individual and the organization. Compromise is a situation where one of the parties to the conflict accepts on something less (Kennedy.2011). It is an integrative form of negotiation which focuses on bargaining power of the negotiator. Critical competency helps in managing the issue during negotiation. Analytical and problem solving attitude is important to derive a relevant result (Kleef et al.2006). The conflict in an organization arises due to a change (Gelad et al.2007). Resistance to a change is a common phenomenon seen at a workplace (Sims.2002). Kurt Lewin has mentioned three steps to introduce a change. It is the duty of the manger to introduce a change in three steps (i.e. unfreezing, moving, And Refreezing) (Cummings Worley.2014). In a global competitive environment, negotiation skills play a significant role to resolve conflict. There is a need to apply a creative approach to build healthy relations with the other party while managing conflict. People management People management plays an important role while finding a diagnostic tool to resolve conflict management. It is necessary to incorporate proper changes to achieve the continuous growth while managing the conflict. Various diagnostic tools are given by the scholar to determine perfect solution to the problem. Conflict management and negotiation has become important while dealing with critical issues. It is recommended to derive a tool as per the situation to encourage the employees with coordination (Jackson.2002). Belbin team role Belbin team role suggests that it is essential to understand the role of every individual. It will help in making a significant contribution to the team. It is a tool which is often used by the team leader to manage team. This technique builds a positive relation within the organization by focusing on the individual strength and weaknesses. Conflicts can be addressed at an initial stage with the team involvement (Van Groen, 2011) (Anderson Sarah.2004) Johari window It is a tool to diagnose the conflict arising inside the organization by building a strong relationship. This model was developed in the year 1955 which focuses on building trust. The idea behind this model is to create a healthy environment. The whole concept behind the model is to resolve the issue through open discussion (Shenton.2007).The major disputes can be resolved through communication. Moreover an organization has multiple objectives; the manager has an important role to coordinate the efforts of an individual. Encouraging mutual understanding and harnessing relationship is important. The tool focuses on enlarging the open area and accepts the feedbacks from the team (Lim.2013). Thomas kilmann model It is a worldwide renowned tool which is used to manage the conflict in a systematic manner. It is a tool which helps in evaluating whether the person is overusing or under using its strength. The author has mentioned a five conflict handling model to deal with the issue which arises inside an organization. The five tools are competing, collaborating, compromising, avoiding and accommodation. The model is an essential tool which helps in promoting the individual interest (Trippe Douglas.2015). Conflict Resolution These tools are nowadays used in modern organizations to resolve the disputes after analyzing the situation. Most of the organization are facing problem while managing the conflicts arising due to misunderstanding. The main purpose of implementing the diagnostic tool is to achieve the growth. However the skills of the negotiator play a major role while dealing with the disputes. Big organizations are focusing on developing inter-personal relationship among the people which will enhance the growth (Grigorescu Molly.2016). Key Strengths and Weakness Conflict resolution is a need in a modern organization and enforcing a correct model is the duty of the manager. A change is often resisted by the employee under such a situation a correct model is necessary to be implemented. Individual behavior is subject to change. The key strength lies with the manager to work according to the circumstances. It is his duty to carry the interest of every individual in the favor of the organization by focusing on the tools (Hansen.2008). The conflict management tools are helping in removing the hurdles an organization is facing on a daily routine. The diagnostic tools are helpful in eliminating the conflict in the organization. There are various stages of a conflict however it is suggested that instead of applying the tools, interpersonal skills is important to eliminate the conflicts arising at an initial stage. All the tools whether Johari Window, Thomas Khillman Conflict Questionnaire, The Big 5, ESCI, Belbin Team Inventory etc, all focus on a systematic approach to eliminate the conflict. The process requires a high acumen because most of the negotiation depends upon the intelligence of the manger (Foster.2006). If the manger doesnt have a systematic approach the negotiation will fail. Otherwise it is seen in the organizations that those mangers that have good inter-personal skill succeed in a long run (Index to Journal of Conflict Resolution.2006). The improvement related to the conflict management lie with the negotiation skills. All diagnosis tools have limited sources. It becomes difficult to manage people with diversity and different background. The scope of diagnostic tools is limited. There applicability is possible when constant factors are only considered. Human behavior is subject to change considering the variable situations (Omari Paull.2015). These tools are impractical to apply when managing a big organization. Every individual in an organization behaves differently. Manager has to apply different set of tools while dealing with the issue of conflict management. These tools have limited approach and applicability. The tools have applicability within a small organization with less employees (Dunne.2003). Large organizations are facing an issue of conflict negotiation and resolution. Every individual follows a different approach to deal with the conflicts. It is recommended to resolve the conflict at an initial stage by promoting the interest of an individual (Grant Kirton.2007)... Generally it is essential to eliminate the differences at an early stage by communicating with each other. Managing people from different background is posing difficulty on the manager as it disrupts the smooth functioning (Rahim.2001). Recommendations Conflict resolution is a new field which focuses on developing new tools which can help in removing conflicts in an organization. Diagnoses tools are applicable if the situation around are constant otherwise it is recommended to improve the situation by developing better relation within the organization. The manager has a duty to understand the nature of every individual in an organization (McConnon McConnon.2011). Developing interpersonal skills should be given more preference while dealing with the conflict resolution. If an organization wants to grow they should focus on initiating by introducing the changes (Quinn ET al.2015). Conclusion The report is related to the conflict management theories and negotiation. An organization faces various challenges on daily basis. It is the role of the manager to find an impeccable situation which resolve the dispute. Change is difficult to be implemented in an organization. Under such circumstance it is necessary to apply theoretical models as per the given situation. It is highly recommended that the manager uses inter-personal skills to resolve the dispute which arises within the organization. References Anderson, N and Sarah S. 2004."An Evaluation of Gender Differences on the Belbin Team Role Self-Perception Inventory". Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 77.3: 429-437. Bercovitch, J. Jackson, R.2009 Conflict Resolution in the Twenty-first Century: Principles, Methods, and Approaches. University of Michigan Press Bercovitch, J., Kremenyuk, V Zartman, W.2008. The SAGE Handbook of Conflict Resolution. SAGE CARTER, G.2005. How to Manage Conflict in the Organization: EBook Edition. AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn Cloke, K. Goldsmith, J.2011. Resolving Conflicts at Work: Eight Strategies for Everyone on the Job. John Wiley Sons Cummings, T. Worley, C.2014. Organization Development and Change. Cengage Learning Dana, D.2001. Conflict Resolution. McGraw Hill Professional Depledge, J.2013. The Organization of Global Negotiations: Constructing the Climate Change Regime. Earthscan Deutsch, M. Et al.2011.The Handbook of Conflict Resolution: Theory and Practice. John Wiley Sons Doherty, N Guyler, M.2008. The Essential Guide to Workplace Mediation and Conflict Resolution: Rebuilding Working Relationships. Kogan Page Publishers Dunne, G.2003. Anger and Conflict Management: Personal Handbook. Personhood Press Eggert, M. Falzon, W.2015. Resolving Conflict Pocketbook. Management Pocketbooks Eunson, B.2012. Conflict Management. John Wiley Sons Foster, K.2006."International Journal of Conflict Management Changes Publisher". International Journal of Conflict Management. Gates, S.2015. The Negotiation Book: Your Definitive Guide to Successful Negotiating. John Wiley Sons Gelfand, M. et al.2007. Cross-Cultural Organizational Behavior. Annual Review of Psychology Vol. 58: 479-514 Grant, C. Kirton.R.2007. Governance, Conflict Analysis and Conflict Resolution. Ian Randle Publishers Grigorescu, A. Molly M.2016. "Multilateral Institutions and Conflict Resolution". Conflict Resolution Quarterly. Hansen, T.2008. "Critical Conflict Resolution Theory and Practice". Conflict Resolution Quarterly 25.4: 403-427. Index to Journal of Conflict Resolution.2006. Journal of Conflict Resolution 50.6: 962-965. Jackson, T. 2002."The Management of People across Cultures: Valuing People Differently". Human Resource Management 41.4: 455-475 Johnson, C Keddy, J.2010. Managing Conflict at Work: Understanding and Resolving Conflict for Productive Working Relationships. Kogan Page Publishers Kehoe, M.2013. Make That Grade Organizational Behavior. Gill Macmillan Ltd Kennedy, G.2011. Perfect Negotiation. Random House Kleef, V. et al.2006.Supplication and appeasement in conflict and negotiation: The interpersonal effects of disappointment, worry, guilt, and regret. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol 91(1)124-142 Krivis, J.2005. Improvisational Negotiation: A Mediator's Stories of Conflict about Love, Money, Anger -- and the Strategies That Resolved Them. John Wiley Sons Lim, M.2013. "Certification Paradigm of Johari Window Human Capital". International Journal of Innovation, Management and Technology McConnon, M McConnon, S.2011. Managing Conflict in the Workplace 4th Edition: How to Develop Trust and Understanding and Manage Disagreements. Hachette UK Mehnert, M.2008. Negotiation: Definition and Types, Manager's Issues in Negotiation, Cultural Differences and the Negotiation Process. GRIN Verlag Moore, C.2014. The Mediation Process: Practical Strategies for Resolving Conflict. John Wiley Sons Omari, M Paull.M.2015. Workplace Abuse, Incivility and Bullying: Methodological and Cultural Perspectives. Routledge Opresnik, M.2014. The Hidden Rules of Successful Negotiation and Communication. Springer Posthuma, R.2011."Managing ethnic conflicts", International Journal of Conflict Management, Vol. 22 Iss: 1, pp.5 9 Proksch, S.2016. Conflict Management. Springer Quinn et al.2015 .Becoming a Master Manager: A Competing Values Approach, 5th Edition: A Competing Values Approach. John Wiley Sons Rahim, M.2001. Managing Conflict in Organizations. Greenwood Publishing Group Raines, S.2012. Conflict Management for Managers: Resolving Workplace, Client, and Policy Disputes. John Wiley Sons Schermerhorn, J. et al.2004. Core concepts of organizational behavior. Wiley, Shenton, A. K.2007. "Viewing Information Needs through a Johari Window". Reference Services Review 35.3:487-496. Sickels, R.2008. The Business of Entertainment. ABC-CLIO Sims, R.2002. Managing Organizational Behavior. Greenwood Publishing Group Speakman, J. Ryals, L.2010"A re?evaluation of conflict theory for the management of multiple, simultaneous conflict episodes", International Journal of Conflict Management, Vol. 21 Iss: 2, pp.186 - 201 Thomas, K. (1992) conflict and conflict management: reflections and update. Journal of Organizational Behavior pg. 265-274 Tidwell, A.2001. Conflict Resolved? A Critical Assessment of Conflict Resolution. AC Black Trippe, B. Douglas B.2015. "Beyond the Thomas-Kilmann Model: Into Extreme Conflict". Negotiation Journal 31.2: 89-103. Van Dierendonck, D. and Groen, R. 2011."Belbin Revisited: A MultitraitMultimethod Investigation Of A Team Role Instrument". European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology 20.3: 345-366.

Seven Wonders of the Ancient World Essay Example

Seven Wonders of the Ancient World Essay The ancient Greeks loved to compile lists of the awe-inspiring structures in their world. Today we think of the seven wonders of the ancient world as a single list, but there were actually a number of lists made by different Greek writers. Many of the lists agreed on six of the seven items. These were; The Great Pyramid of Egypt, which was located in Giza, Egypt and was built around 2560 BC. Its purpose was to serve as the tomb of Pharoah Khufu. It is 146m tall and is made of mostly limestone. It was the tallest building in the world until 1311 AD and again from 1646 to 1874 and still stands today. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon, which some stories indicate the Hanging Gardens towered hundreds of feet into the air, but archaeological explorations indicate a more modest, but still impressive, height. The Statue of Zeus at Olympia, the Greeks held one of their most important festivals, The Olympic Games, in honour of the King of their gods, Zeus. As the games because increasingly popular they decided that a monument to Zeus was needed. The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus was a shrine built to honor the Goddess Artemis. It stood in present day Turkey. It was built around 232 BC and destroyed in 262 AD by Goths. We will write a custom essay sample on Seven Wonders of the Ancient World specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Seven Wonders of the Ancient World specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Seven Wonders of the Ancient World specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus built for Mausolus by his wife (and sister), after he died. She decided to build him the most splendid tomb in the known world. It became a structure so famous that Mausoluss name is now associated with all stately tombs through, just like today’s mausoleum. The Colossus of Rhodes this was basically an ancient Statue of Liberty. Just like the Statue of Liberty, this colossus was also built as a celebration of freedom. It is the same height as the statue of liberty, but the pedestal is a lot bigger on the statue of liberty. The last place on some of the lists was awarded to the Walls of Babylon. On others the Palace of Cyrus was the last thing on the list. Finally at the end of the 6th century AD the final item on the list became the Lighthouse at Alexandria. Since it was the Greeks who made the lists it is not unusual that many of the items on them were examples of Greek culture. Although there were other magnificent structures around the world, such as the Great Wall of China or Stonehenge they didn’t make the list because the writers didn’t know they existed, as they were beyond the limits of their world. It is a surprise to ome people when they find out that not all the Seven Wonders existed at the same time. The Great Pyramid of Egypt was built centuries before the rest and is still around today (it is the only wonder still intact) most of the others only survived a few hundred years or less. The Colossus of Rhodes stood only a little more than half a century before an earthquake dest royed it. Great Pyramid of Giza Out of the seven wonders of the ancient world, the Great Pyramid of Giza is the oldest and probably the best preserved. It is believed that it was built for the Egyptian Pharaoh Khufu and took 20 years to build. Construction finished around 2560BC and it was the tallest mad made structure in the world for more than 3,800 years. Initially the pyramid was actually white because it was covered in casting stones. But these stones were expensive and have been stripped away over the years by thieves, although some of the stones can still be seen around the base. There have been different theories and opinions on how the pyramid was built. The widely accepted theory is that it was made by moving huge stones from a quarry and dragging and lifting them into place. There are three known chambers inside the Great Pyramid. The Queens Chamber and Kings Chamber are high up within the pyramid structure. The Great Pyramid of Giza is the only pyramid in Egypt known to contain both ascending and descending passages. The Great Pyramid was originally 146. 5  meters tall but with  erosion  and absence of its  pyramidion (the highest piece or  capstone) its height is now 138. 8  meters. The mass of the pyramid is estimated at 5. 9 million  tonnes. The volume, including an internal hillock, is approximately 2,500,000  cubic meters. The accuracy of the pyramids workmanship is such that the four sides of the base have an average error of only 58  millimeters long. The sides of the square base are closely aligned to the four cardinal compass points (within 4  minutes of arc) based on  true north, and not  magnetic north. The Great Pyramid consists of an estimated 2. 3 million limestone blocks with most believed to have been transported from nearby quarries Hanging Gardens of Babylon The  Hanging Gardens of Babylon   were built in the ancient  city-state  of  Babylon, in  Iraq. They are sometimes called the  Hanging Gardens of Semiramis  (in reference to the legendary  Queen Semiramis). The  gardens  were built by the  Babylonian  king  Nebuchadnezzar II  around 600 BC. It is said that he constructed the gardens to please his homesick wife,  Amytis  of  Media, who missed the gardens and landscape of her homeland  Persia. The gardens were destroyed by several earthquakes after the second century BC. The lush Hanging Gardens are extensively documented by  Greek  historians  such as  Strabo  and  Diodorus Siculus. Through the ages, the location may have been confused with gardens that existed at  Nimrud, since tablets from there clearly show gardens. Writings on these tablets describe the possible use of something similar to an  Archimedes screw  as a process of raising the water to the required height. Nebuchadnezzar II also used massive slabs of stone, which was unheard of in Babylon, to prevent the water from eroding the ground. The Hanging Gardens probably did not really hang in the sense of being suspended from cables or ropes. The name comes from an inexact translation of the Greek word  kremastos  or the Latin word  pensilis, which mean not just hanging, but overhanging as in the case of a terrace or balcony. There is some controversy as to whether the Hanging Gardens were an actual creation or a poetic creation due to the lack of documentation of them in the  records  of  Babylonian history. In ancient writings the Hanging Gardens of Babylon were first described by  Berossus, a  Babylonian  priest  who lived in the late 4th century BC. These accounts were later elaborated on by Greek  historians. A more recent theory proposes that the gardens were actually constructed under the orders of  Sennacherib, who took the throne of  Assyria  in 705 BC, reigning until 681 BC. During new studies of the location of   his gardens were placed close to the entrance of his palace, on the bank of the  river Tigris. It is possible that in the intervening centuries, the two sites became confused, and the hanging gardens were attributed to Babylon. Statue of Zeus at Olympia The  Statue of Zeus at Olympia  was made by the Greek sculptor  Phidias, circa 432 BC on the site where it was erected in the  Temple of Zeus,  Olympia, Greece. The statue was built to honor the God Zeus and also for the Olympic games that was held there. The statue depicts Zeus sitting down. The seated statue is about 12 meters tall, and it filled the whole width of the aisle of the temple built to house it. It was so tall that the geographer Strabo  said early in the first century BC, that he would touch the roof if he stood up. The  statue was made of ivory and gold-plated bronze. No copy in marble or bronze has survived; there are recognizable but approximate versions on coins of nearby  Elis  and on Roman coins and  engraved gems that have been found. In its right hand the statue held the figure of Nike (the goddess of victory) and in its left was a scepter which was topped with an eagle. The throne made out of gold, ebony, and ivory and inlaid with precious stones. Carved into the chair were figures of Greek gods and mystical animals, like the sphinx. According to  Suetonius, the Roman Emperor  Caligula  wanted famous statues of the Gods that were famous, including Zeus to be brought from Greece so that he could remove their heads and replace them with his own. The conditions of its eventual destruction are under debate: Georgios Kedrenos (an eleventh-century Byzantine historian)  recorded the tradition that it was taken to  Constantinople, where it was destroyed in the great fire of the  Lauseion, in AD 475. Other people say that it perished with the temple when it burned in 425 AD. Temple of Artemis The Temple of Artemis, sometimes known as the Temple of Diana, was a Greek temple made for the Goddess the Greeks called Artemis. It was completed around about 550 BC in present day Turkey. Today only foundations of the temple remain. On its site there had been evidence of other temples built before it, including a sanctuary which has been dated to as early as the Bronze Age. The whole temple was mad of marble except for the roof. In the seventh century, a flood destroyed the temple covering it in over half a meter of sand and mud. In the flood debris were the remains of an ivory plaque of a griffin and the Tree of Life. In the seventh century the old temple was destroyed by a flood. The construction of the new temple, which was to become known as one of the  wonders of the ancient world, began around 550 BC. It was a 120-year project, initially designed and built by the Cretan  architect  Chersiphron  and his son  Metagenes, at the expense of  Croesus  of  Lydia. The Temple of Artemis was destroyed on the 21st of July, in a fire started by Herostratus. According to the story, he wanted fame at any cost so he burnt down the temple to become famous. This is also where the term herostratic fame came from. The Ephesians were furious so they executed him. They also made it a crime to mention his name, the penalty for doing so was also death. Theopompus, a Greek historian,  later recorded the name, which is how it is known today. After sixty years of searching, the site of the temple was rediscovered in 1869 by an expedition sponsored by the British Museum led by  John Turtle Wood  excavations continued until 1874. Mausoleum of Halicarnassus In 623 BC, Halicarnassus was the capital of a small kingdom on the coast of Asia Minor. In 377 BC Hecatomnus of Milas, the ruler of the region died and left the control of the kingdom to his son, Mausolus. Mausolus decided to build a new capital. He wanted this capital to be both safe and beautiful. He chose the city of Halicarnassus because he could block a small channel with his ships and prevent enemy warships from getting in. He began to make Halicarnassus a capital fit for a warrior prince. He had his workman deepen the harbor and used the sand to make breakwaters to protect it. They paved streets and squares, built houses for ordinary citizens and they also built a huge fortified palace for Mausolus – where he had views of the sea and the hills inland, places where enemies could attack from. Artemisia and Mausolus used huge amounts of tax money to decorate the city. They had statues, temples and buildings made of marble built for the city. Artemisia planned that a resting place for her and her husbane would be made in the center of the city, in a tomb that would show how rich they were. In 353 BC Mausolus died. Artemisia was heartbroken. As a tribute to him, she decided to build him the most impressive tomb she could. She spared no expense in building the tomb. She sent messengers to Greece to find the most talented artists of the time. These included Scopas, the man who had supervised the rebuilding of the  temple  of Artemis. Soon after construction on the tomb had started Artemisia found herself in trouble. Rhodes, a Greek island that had been conquered by her and Mausolus heard about Mausolus’s death and sent a fleet of ships to capture the city. When Artemisia heard about this attack she hid her ships in a secret location. After the Rhodian soldiers got off their ships to attack Artemisia’s fleet made a surprise attack and defeated the Rhodians. Artemisia’s troops then got into the Rhodian’s ships and sailed to Rhodes, they weren’t stopped because the Rhodians were fooled into thinking it was their troops so let the ships sail in. The troops captured them and the rebellion was stopped. Artemisia lived for only two years after the death of her husband. The  urns  with their ashes were put in the unfinished tomb. As a form of  sacrifice  ritual  the bodies of a large number of dead animals were placed on the stairs leading to the tomb, then the stairs were filled with stones and rubble, sealing the access. According to the historian  Pliny the Elder, the craftsmen decided to stay and finish the work after the death of their client considering that it was at once a  memorial  of his own fame and of the sculptors art. Colossus of Rhodes The Colossus of Rhodes was a statue of the Greek god Helios; it was made in the city of Rhodes on the Greek island of Rhodes by Charles of Lindos between 292 and 280 BC. And was an ancient statue of Liberty. Before its destruction it was over 30 meters tall, making it one of the tallest statues of the ancient world. Different ancient accounts describe the structure as being built with iron bars with brass plates attached to them to form a skin. The statue stood on top of a 15 meter high white marble pedestal near the Mandraki harbor. The interior of the structure was filled with stone blocks while they building it. To build the higher parts of it they piled dirt around the statue to make a ramp that they could climb up and make it taller to reach the even higher parts. Once the statue was finished they removed the dirt and left the statue to stand alone. â€Å"To you, o Sun, the people of Dorian Rhodes set up this bronze statue reaching to Olympus, when they had pacified the waves of war and crowned their city with the spoils taken from the enemy. Not only over the seas but also on land did they kindle the lovely torch of freedom and independence. For to the descendants of Herakles belongs dominion over sea and land. The statue stood for only 56 years until Rhodes was hit by the 226 BC Rhodes earthquake, when lots of damage was also done to large portions of the city. The harbor and many commercial buildings were destroyed. The statue snapped at the knees and fell over. Ptolemy III, the third ruler of the Ptolemaic dynasty  in  Egypt, offered to pay to rebuild the statue but the oracle of Delphi made the Rhodians afraid that they had offended Helios and they decided not to rebuild it. The design, posture and dimensions of the  Statue of Liberty  in  New York Harbor  are based on what engineers in the late 19th century thought the Colossus would look like. There is a famous reference to the Colossus in the sonnet â€Å"The New Colossus† by Emma Lazarus â€Å"†¦the brazen giant of Greek fame, With conquering limbs astride from land to land†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , which is on a bronze plaque inside the Statue of Liberty. In November 2008, it was announced that the Colossus of Rhodes was to be rebuilt. According to Dr. Dimitris Koutoulas, rather than recreating the original Colossus, the new structure will be a, highly, highly innovative  light sculpture, one that will stand between 60 and 100 meters tall so that people can physically enter it. The project is expected to cost up to â‚ ¬200m which will be provided by international donors and the German artist Gert Hof. The new Colossus will adorn an outer pier in the harbor area of  Rhodes, where it will be visible to passing ships. Koutoulas said, Although we are still at the drawing board stage, Gert Hofs plan is to make it the worlds largest light installation, a structure th at has never before been seen in any place of the world. Lighthouse of Alexandria The Lighthouse of Alexandria, also known as the Pharos of Alexandria, was a tower built between 280 and 247 BC on the island of Pharos at Alexandria, Egypt to help sailors into the harbor at night. Its height is estimated to be somewhere between 120 and 140 meters and for centuries was among the tallest manmade structures in the world. Pharos was a small island off the coast of Alexandria. It was connected to the mainland by a man made causeway, which formed one side of the city’s harbor. The tower guided mariners at night using fire and reflective surfaces and was a landmark by day. It was said that the light could be seen from up to 47 km away, legends claim that te light form it could burn enemy ships before they got to shore. Legend also says that  Ptolemy I Soter  would not allow  Sostratus  to put his name on the tower, but the architect left his name anyway. These words were hidden under a layer of plaster, and on top of that Sosratus chiseled another inscription honoring Ptolemy the king as builder of the Pharos. After centuries the plaster wore away, revealing the name of Sostratus. The lighthouse constructed from large blocks of light-coloured  stone, the tower was made up of three stages: a lower square section with a central core, a middle octagonal section, and, at the top, a circular section. At its apex was positioned a mirror which reflected sunlight during the day; a fire was lit at night. A statue of  Poseidon  stood atop the tower during the Roman period. The lighthouse was badly damaged in the earthquake of 956, and in the earthquakes of  1303  and 1323 was damaged so badly that the Arab traveler  Ibn Battista  reported no longer being able to enter the ruin. In autumn of 1994 divers discovered remains of the lighthouse on the floor of Alexandrias  Eastern Harbour. Some of these remains were brought up and were lying at the harbour on public view at the end of 1995. Subsequent  satellite imaging  has revealed further remains. It is also possible to go diving and see the ruins. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_the_Ancient_World http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Great_Pyramid_of_Giza http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Hanging_Gardens_of_Babylon Seven Wonders of the Ancient World Essay Example Seven Wonders of the Ancient World Essay The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus was the tomb of king Mausolus. Halicarnassus (Modern Bodrum, Turkey) was the capital of a small Mediterranean kingdom. In 377 B. C. , Hecatomnus of Mylasa, the ruler of this land, died and left control of the kingdom to his son, Mausolus. Mausolus’ reign lasted for 24 years. He loved and adored the Greek culture and founded several cities of Greek design along the coast. In 353 B. C. , Mausolus died, leaving his queen Artemisia broken hearted. She decided to build the most splendid tomb in the known world as a tribute to him. The tomb became so famous that Mausolus’s name is now associated with all stately tombs throughout the world as Mausoleum. It became one of the seven wonders of the ancient world because of its rich statuary and carvings in relief. Artemisia sent messengers to Greece to find the most talented sculptors; she decided that no expense was to be spared in building the tomb. The tomb was errected on a hill overlooking the city. We will write a custom essay sample on Seven Wonders of the Ancient World specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Seven Wonders of the Ancient World specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Seven Wonders of the Ancient World specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The entire structure sat in the center of an enclosed courtyard on a stone platform. A staircase, flanked with stone lions, led to the top of this platform. There were many statues of gods and godesses along the outer wall of the courtyard. The tomb was guarded by stone warriors mounted on horseback at each corner stone. [pic] The tomb itself was at the center of the platform. The marble structure rose as a square, tapering block to about one-third of the Mausoleum’s 1140 feet height. This section was covered wit relief sculptures showing action scenes from Greek mythology. Thirty-six slim columns rose on top of this section for another third of the height. Between each column were more statues. A solid block behind the columns carried the weight of the tomb’s massive roof. [pic] Map showing the layout of the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus Artemisia died two years after Mausolus’s death. Both of them were buried in the yet unfinished tomb. The craftsmen took up the responsibility of completing the structure. The Mausoleum overlooked the city for several centuaries before it was damaged and destroyed by attacks from pirates, invaders and series of earthquakes. Very similar to this ancient wonder is the Taj mahal in India. TAJ MAHAL Like the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, the Taj was built in the memory of Shah Jahaan’s beloved wife, Mumtaz Mahal. It was and still continues to be a symbol of eternal love. The Taj also is a marble structure standing on the banks of River Yamuna. It rises ona high sandstone base topped by four tappering minarets. The jewel-inlaid cenotaph of the queen lies within the dome. The design on the stucture is said to be so exquisite that the Taj has been described as â€Å" having been designed by giants and finished by jewellers† pic] STATUE OF ZEUS [pic] The statue of Zeus is located in Peloponnesus. The statue stands 40 feet high and is made of ivory and gold. Zeus is depicted sitting with olive wreath on his head, a sceptre (with an eagle sitting on it) in his left hand, and his messenger Nike in his right hand. The temple is built on a raised rectangular platform. Thirteen large columns support the r oof along the sides and six support it on each end. A gently peaked roof the topped the building, which was filled with sculpture. However, now the statue stands destroyed by numerous earthquakes and conquests. SHIVA STATUE AT MURUDESHWARA [pic] The Shiva statue at Murudeshawara is very similar to the statue of Zeus. However, in this case, the statue is outside the temple. The statue of Shiva measures 123 feet in height. The statue is constructed in such a way that it gets sun light and thus appears sparkling. The temple has the tallest gopura in the world too. It is 249 feet high and is called the Raja Gopura. There are other small statues surrounding the main Shiva statue. There is one depicting Ravan giving the atma-lingam to a Brahman. There are many statues of elephants (life size ), and the holy bull, Nandi. TEMPLE OF ARTEMIS [pic] The temple of Artemis was built in the honour of Artemis. It is 425 feet long and 225 feet wide. The foundation of the temple was rectangular in form, similar to most temples at the time. Unlike other sanctuaries, however, the building was made of marble, with a decorated facade overlooking a spacious courtyard. 127 columns, each of which is 60 feet high, support the roof. This temple was built and destroyed several times. The temple was built in such a way that one could see the other side through the temple; it was like a hollow structure. Thus, when the sun rose and set it felt as though it was happening inside the temple. PARTHENON [pic] The Parthenon was built for the Greek goddess, Athena. Structurally, it is very similar to the temple of Artemis at Ephesus. The Parthenon is a temple of the Doric order with eight columns at the facade, and seventeen columns at the flanks, conforming to the established ratio of 9:4. This ratio governed the vertical and horizontal proportions of the temple as well as many other relationships of the building like the spacing between the columns and their height. The Parthenon, in comparison with the temple of Artemis however, is only 100 feet wide, 230 feet long, and has 58 pillars. Ubud Hanging Gardens, Bali If Babylons ancient Hanging Gardens existed today, they could definitely look something like this. Perched around an Eden-like gorge are 38 serene villas, a soothing double-tiered pool, and a Hindu temple; youll need to take a funicular from reception to your suite, and most everywhere else (though a few hundred stairs will take you to the bottom of the valley if you are up to adventure. Each villa has its own private heated infinity pool, looking out over the verdant gardens of the valley and bordered by an outdoor terrace. There is step greenery and vegetation just like the supposedly floored gardens of Babylon. It is today one of the hottest tourist destinations in Bali. [pic] [pic]Bottom of Form The Lighthouse of Alexandria, Egypt. (Ancient wonder) [pic] One of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, the Lighthouse of Alexandria was built in 200 BC on the small island of Pharos and was connected to the mainland by a massive causeway. Thought to have stood 492 feet high, it is considerably taller than any modern-day lighthouses. Though it has been lost in the pages of history and there is no concrete proof about whether it really existed or not, many claim you could see the light beacon from 35 miles away and that the structure had unique Roman features including a statue of Poseidon, a mirror that would reflect the sunlight, four statues of Triton on each corner and a church located at the top. Unfortunately, after years of destruction from earthquakes, the building collapsed in the 4th century, most probably due to an earthquake. The lighthouse served the purpose of warning the ships and showing them the way. At that time, it was an architectural marvel, indigenous and with a well-defined new idea. Lighthouse of Alexandria, Shenzhen, China. The Window of the World is a theme park located in the western part of the city of Shenzhen in the Peoples Republic of China. It has about 130 reproductions of some of the mo st famous tourist attractions in the world including an exact replica of the Lighthouse of Alexandria. Built by an eccentric businessman, it does or does not do justice to the original monument that has long been destroyed, is debatable. The monument though has been built to scale in comparison of the original Lighthouse of Alexandria. Due to the prevalence of other replicas of ancient wonders and modern wonders of the world, Window of the World is a major tourist hotspot of Shenzhen. [pic] The inspiration for the statue of liberty†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. the Colossus of Rhodes. How often do New Yorkers and other Americans gaze at the Statue of liberty with pride and amazement! Standing on a small island in the harbour, the statue is of a robed and crowned woman, holding a book in one hand and lifting a torch to the sky. The statue measures almost one-hundred and twenty feet from foot to crown. This awe-inspiring statue was a gift from France to America as a symbol of friendship. It is often referred to as â€Å"The modern colossus. † However what most people don’t know is that there stood an ancient statue in Rhodes named â€Å"The Colossus of Rhodes†; The original colossus. Like the Statue of Liberty, this colossus was also built as a celebration of freedom. This amazing statue, standing the same height from toe to head as the modern colossus, was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. The statue was built sometime between 292-280 BC to celebrate the surprising victory of Rhodesians against many attackers. It was the statue of HELIUS The Sun God to The Rhodesians. The engineering of the colossus was done by a local sculptor named Harrays. First a wooden frame was made and then bronze plates of over 200 tons were put up surrounding it. This took about 12 years and innumerable labour to complete the construction. However in about 226 BC there was an earthquake in Rhodes that the statue couldn’t survive. On the other hand The Statue of Liberty was built around 2000 years later and still stands with pride looking over the sea. [pic] | | | | The inspiration for the pyramids of louvre- Paris.. The pyramids of Giza. The Great Pyramids were built between 2650-2500BC. It is said that they were a tomb of Pharaoh Khufu. They are located in Giza, Egypt. The largest pyramid is 756 feet long on each side and 450 feet high and is composed of 2,300,000 blocks of stone, each averaging 2 1/2 tons in weight. The sides are oriented to the four cardinal points of the compass and the length of each side at the base is 755 feet (230. 4 m). They rise at an angle of 51 52 to a height, originally, of 481 feet (147 m) but nowadays 451 feet (138 m). Despite the makers limited surveying tools, no side is more than 8 inches different in length than another, and the whole structure is perfectly oriented to the points of the compass. Even in the 19th century, it was the tallest building in the world and, at the age of 4,500 years, it is the only one of the famous Seven Wonders of the Ancient World that still stands. Even today it remains the most massive building on Earth. About 4000 years later, in 1989 The pyramid of Louvre museum was built by the renowned American architect I. M. Pei. This time a pyramid made up of crystal clear glass to allow the sunlight to come in on the underground floor. It is made up of rhombus shaped glass sheets fitted in a triangular shaped framework. The modern addition originally received mixed reviews, as it contrasts sharply with the classical design of the surrounding buildings of the museum of Louvre, but today it is generally accepted as a clever solution which has given the museum a spacious central entrance without the need to touch the historic patrimony. Surprisingly it too serves as an entrance to the museum like the pyramids of Giza serve as entrances to the tomb of Pharaoh Khufu. Hence because of the similarities one comes to believe that it was built by the inspiration by the pyramids of Giza.

Structural Family Therapy

Model Description Among the existing variety of therapies for a family, it is hard to define the most appropriate or the less effective because every family is unique, and its members face different problems and misunderstandings. In the current paper, one of the family therapy models, the structural family therapy by Salvador Minuchin, will be discussed. Its historical background, some facts from the developer’s life, and different aspects of the theory will be analyzed to make the evaluation of the case study within the frames of the chosen model possible.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Structural Family Therapy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Historical Background Structural family therapy (SFT) is one of the available models of treatment offered to all members of a family on the basis of the possible structural change and communication within a family. It was developed in the middle of the 1970s by one of the brightest representatives of the Philadelphian Child Guidance Clinic, Salvador Minuchin. His physician experience in the army in Israel and the work with children in New York helped to understand that personal problems are based on a family and the philosophies inherent to it. The Israel families turned out to be a good example for Minuchin on how a variety of cultures and interests may be gathered in one certain community that has to follow the order and mind the traditions around. Another historical perspective from Minuchin’s like comes from his childhood. As a son in a Jewish family during the 1920s, who had to live in a unique Argentina, Minuchin faced the necessity to learn different rules and truths and add them to the life of his own (Prochaska Norcross, 2013). In fact, his life was not only about the challenges. The existed cultural diversity helped Minuchin to realize that every person has to perform his/her own role and be ready to change it in acco rdance with the demands set by society. His practice at the Wiltwyck School for Boys opened a number of perspectives with the help of which Minuchin (in a company of several colleagues) started to develop some new approaches to family therapy and offered problematic boys the ideas of how to improve their lives (Miller, 2011). A chance to work with children and their families proved the idea that family therapy had to be based on trust and loyalty to the ideas; and the role of a therapist should not be only as a mentor or teacher but be a good advisor, a coach, who could implement the changes and participate in the process at the same time. Salvador Minuchin In fact, the life of Salvador Minuchin may serve as a good explanation of his structural family therapy and general intentions to help people around through the work with a whole family. Minuchin raised in a Russian-Jewish family in Argentina. The necessity to combine different traditions and perform the roles according to the ex pectations of the others was obvious (Miller, 2011).Advertising Looking for case study on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Being deeply impressed by the works of Jean-Jacque Rousseau about the delinquents and their place in society, he made a decision to connect his life with psychology in some way. He entered the medical university and united his education with politics opposing the ideas of Juan Peron, the head of the majority of Argentina’s institutions. With time, he moved to Israel and worked with oppressed children using his own experience in combining rules and traditions. The American practice in the sphere of psychiatry provided him with the necessary amount of knowledge. The works by Harry Stack Sullivan made Minuchin pay more attention to family therapy on the basis the troubled youth (Miller, 2011). Within a short period of time, he was ready to introduce a new theory of how to help families and d ivide their functions in a proper way. It was structural family therapy. Therapist’s Role In family therapy, a therapist can perform a number of roles from being a leader in the relations to guide every action properly to stay a third-party observant making notes and conclusions (Simon, 2012). One of the peculiar features of SFT is the attention to the therapist and his/her role in the process. According to this theory, the therapist remains to be an active participant as he/she is responsible for the implementation of the changes in a family and the process of restructuring itself. Due to his own experience, Minuchin underlines the fact that any therapist has to respect each family’s culture and underline its uniqueness; this is why it is an obligatory task for the therapist to gather some information before therapy takes place (Minuchin Fishman, 2009). It is necessary to clear up what each member find the best for a family and how it is possible to unite their inter ests within one community that is called a family.  The therapist has to help every family member and explain how they can establish healthy relations and consider their own skills and interests. It is possible for the therapist to use some physical objects and moves to achieve better results of a therapeutic process (Jones-Smith, 2014). In general, SFT presupposes the role of the therapist being important indeed, and Minuchin makes everything possible to explain what and when a professional counselor has to do.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Structural Family Therapy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Essence of the Theory of Change One of the primary SFT characteristics is the possibility to describe family problems and offer solutions with the help of â€Å"spatial and organizational metaphors† (Goldenberg Goldenberg, 2012). These techniques promote the required portion of a change in any family organization and structure. The only important requirement that has to be considered is that the change should take place before all symptoms are relieved because the way of how a whole family can function defines the way of how every member functions within.  According to the theory, the structure of a family changes as soon as the positions of the family members undergo some changes and vice versa. Each new function is the possibility to define and analyze the same problem from a new perspective. The therapist, who is going to offer a change, has to check whether the experience of a family is appropriate for the chosen intervention. Every hierarchy created depends on the functions performed by every member. There has to be a leader, who should be an example for the rest and an advisor. At the same time, whose, who perform the supplementary roles, should not consider themselves diminished or misjudged. The therapist has to explain that any family therapy should be organized acco rding to such order. Target of Intervention When the therapist starts working with a family, he/she has to identify the targets of the therapy interventions in a proper way. A goal for change has to be established (Jones-Smith, 2014). The target of intervention is the change that happens when the therapist try to help each family member to create the necessary boundaries within a family that are â€Å"neither too rigid nor too diffuse† (Jones-Smith, 2014). The intervention results in the change in the frames of which it becomes easier to make decisions and distribute the issue of power in different ways to choose the most appropriate one. It is expected that dysfunctional family structures are improved, and a family gets the required portion of explanations and suggestions on how they have to behave and react to each other’s activities. Assessment from the Approach SFT provides the therapist with a chance to evaluate the conditions under which a family lives, define mi sunderstanding and challenges that take place, and offer several appropriate solutions for a situation to be improved. The following assessment of a family is possible from the therapy offered by Minuchin:Advertising Looking for case study on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Family hierarchy according to the powers gained (proper, improper, in need of improvements); Boundaries between each member of a family (proper, improper, in need of improvements); Subsystems of a family (present, absent, necessary); Therapist’s role (active, passive, leading, minimized). As soon as this kind of family evaluation takes place, the therapist is able to continue working and making the necessary implementations gradually. Normalcy, Health, and Pathology within the Model Normalcy, health, and pathology are the assumptions that help to identify the necessity and essence of assessment and interventions in a family. Family normalcy is usually characterized by the presence of absence of symptoms that can disturbed or destroy a family (Walsh, 2012). In the Minuchin’s therapy, a normal family is defined as â€Å"nonstressful, living in constant harmony and cooperation† (Walsh, 2012, p. 30). This is why when parents or other grown-ups of a family face the problems related to bringing up children, sexual life, or the outside world, they are bothered and require some professional help. It is normal for a family to struggle with some problems in case all struggles can be ended with some compromises. In terms of health, Walsh (2012) explains a healthy family as the parents of which know a lot and can solve intrapsychic conflicts and meet the needs to promote their children’s development. Finally, SFT defines pathology as the situation when families face with stress or other challenges and suffer from increasing â€Å"the rigidity of their transactional patterns and boundaries† and inabilities to â€Å"avoid or resist any exploration of alternatives† (Walsh, 2012, p. 31). Cultural and Diversity Factors within the Model SFT is the model that is too sensitive to cultural and diversity factors because it is based on the way of how the therapist, as well as a family, can define cultural priorities and survive the diversi ties around. Minuchin underlines that the therapist has to respect cultural preferences of a family and do not try to change them or diminish their role in a family’s life. In fact, both, cultural and diversity, factors play an important role in family therapy as it helps to show the family how unique and special their family life actually is.  Children are in need of an explanation of how their own cultures have to be introduced to society the most. They should feel respect to their diversity and a chance to share this uniqueness with a family but not feel sorry or disappointment. Parents are responsible for the way of how children understand their cultural needs in regards to their family hierarchy, and the therapist should explain all aspects accordingly. Type of a Model (Strength-Based or Deficit-Based) Therapy models may be of two types, strengths-based and deficit based. Deficit-based models aim at addressing the patient’s needs and problems, and strengths-base d models focus on people’s attributes that can promote health. The latter approach differs from the former by the possibility to use the already given features and work them out to avoid the development of possible pathologies (Xie, 2013). The therapy offered by Minuchin is of a strengths-based type as it focuses on the outcomes, considers family as the primary concept that has to be used, and defines the possibility to structure a family as one of the ways to help people and use their strengths avoiding weaknesses and deficits. Intervention Examples SFT may have a number of interventions. Still, the most crucial are as follows: Join a family in a friendly-formal way; Analyze the situation and evaluate family; Set the goals; Identify the rules that have to be followed; Define the roles according to the family hierarchy; Change the roles and observe the results; Support communication; Do not try to give the directions (but explain that these are just pieces of advice). All t hese steps help the therapist realize whether it is possible to help a family and identify the root of the existing and potential problems and overcome the majority of them. Model Application Role of the Counselor for the Case in Specific Aspects In the case under consideration, the role of the therapist remains to be crucial as he takes responsibility for the organization of communication between all members of a family. The therapist has to analyze each member separately and tries to define the aspects that can bother them. It is necessary not to become a friend for them because Jimmy is one of the most vulnerable members of the family, who want to gain more someone’s attention. The therapist should not provide Jimmy with empty hopes and clearly define his role as a counselor, who is going to understand and suggest the options that can change the situation within the family. Possible Changes within the Family Among the variety of possible changes for the family under consid eration, the following suggestions may be considered. For example: Jane is bothered by her inability to raise her little daughter Sunny (she may be offered to ask for a part-time job); Paul wants his wife paying more attention to him as a man (he may use his free time to amaze Jane with his own works and achievements); Jimmy is jealous of his father spending more time with Sunny than with him (he can think about some hobbies and the activities to be involved in together with his father). Aspects that Undergo Changes The therapist has to focus on the next aspects with the family and be ready to promote some changes in: Communication between the family members; Occupation of the family members; Identification of the family culture as the thing that can unite all of them; Social norms and rules that have to be followed by all family members as equal members of society; Obligations to each other. All these aspects have to be changed in some way, and every change has to be explained. Understanding of the Case within the Model’s Framework The Duncan’s is almost an ordinary American family that has to face some challenges because of the economic conditions of the country and the obligations that have to be followed. Jane and Paul Duncan have to understand that their new duties should not influence their relations, and they have to take some steps to develop the duties according to the hierarchy that has been developed earlier. The wife has to demonstrate her respect to the husband even in spite of the fact that it is she, who earns money. The husband has to remember that he has a son, who needs more attention. At the same time, e new-born daughter can take much time as well. The therapist should discuss all these points and advise how to improve the current weak situation. Model’s Assumptions around Normalcy, Health, and Pathology In general, the evaluation of the case from the normalcy, health, and pathology shows the following picture: The family’s level of normalcy is medium because of the evident stresses that take place from time to time. It is a health family because of the absence of bad habits and the necessity to feed properly. There are no evident pathologies, just the inability to communicate directly and speak out loud about personal discontents and desires. The family has all changes to be changed and â€Å"healed† because the cooperation is still possible, harmony can be achieved, and several alternatives can be offered by the therapist and accepted by the family as a result of open communications and discussions. Cultural and Diversity Aspects of the Case The case under analysis does not touch upon some cultural and diversity aspects of society. The family consists of the White Americans, who live under the traditions accepted by the United States. The family likes different thematic holidays and tries to participate in all parties to entertain children and show them how the majority of pe ople can live. At the same time, the family can use its cultural preferences as the thing that can unite them and offer a common hobby (for the father and the son) or a captivating holiday (for the husband and the wife). The family should get a strong basis that cannot be postponed, or moved, or neglected. The family has to have something to believe in. The cultural issue is one of the most available suggestions for the family under consideration. Model’s Status and the Case SFT, as the strength-based type of model, is applied to the case as the members of the family expect to achieve successful outcomes. They have a number of strengths and positive intentions to benefit from the changed offered by a professional. Interventions Applied in the Case The possible interventions in the case are: Private talks with every member of a family; Promotion of open communication between all members; Distribution of the roles and mutual exchange of the roles so that every member of the fa mily can understand the pros and cons of each other’s position; Identification of one common interest can unite a family and make its members spend together sometime. Assessment of the Model of the Hypothetical Case Study The success of SFT is the possibility to implement it in a variety of cases. The therapist has to be mature enough to be close to each family member but never cross the line and become a friend. Still, it is necessary to remember that Minuchin’s therapy is more applicable for large families so that their structures, boundaries, and functions can be changed. References Goldenberg, H. Goldenberg, I. (2012). Family therapy: An overview. Belmont, CA:Cengage Learning. Jones-Smith, E. (2014). Theories of counseling and psychotherapy: An integrative approach. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. Miller, A. (2011). Instructor’s manual for Salvador Minuchin on family therapy. Mill Valley, CA: Psychhotherapy.net. Minuchin, S. Fishman, C. (2009). Fami ly therapy techniques. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Prochaska, J. Norcross, J. (2013). Systems of psychotherapy: A transtheoretical analysis. Stamford, CT: Cengage Learning. Simon, G. (2012). The role of the therapist: What effective therapists do. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 38(1), 8-12. Walsh, F. (2012). Normal family processes: Growing diversity and complexity. New York: Guilford Press. Xie, H. (2013). Strengths-based approach for mental health recovery. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 7(2), 5-10. This case study on Structural Family Therapy was written and submitted by user Dario Snow to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Fee-Based Higher Education Essay

Fee-Based Higher Education Essay Fee-Based Higher Education Essay Education plays a significant role in human life. People spend about 12 years at schools, and about 4-6 years in colleges. Almost everyone, sooner or later, confronts the issue of continuing his education. Some people go to a college just in order to get a formal document – a bachelor diploma. Others relate to future profession as a matter of the whole life, connecting their future with education. The development of human capital is the basis of the modern industry of higher education. If education is the most valuable wealth, then, what is the level of its availability? Does one have to pay for his education, or is it the duty of the state? I consider that higher education has to be fee-paid because in this case it would increase the authority of higher education and its quality. In the recent time, education in colleges, as private, as state ones, becomes more and more expensive. In the USA, tuition fee varies from five to forty thousand dollars per year. Although, poor students are given generous scholarships, they are often not enough for the students of the middle classes, whose family lose most of their income. However, I consider that higher education has to be fee-based on several main reasons. The obvious argument and example of this fact is the comparison of secondary and higher education in the USA. Secondary education, which is free of fee and general, does not get even an average level. Meanwhile, the higher education, which is fee-paid and expensive, is one of the best in the world. Thus, it is impossible to provide a high-qualified free education in the country of such size. In some European countries, where education is free, the level of taxes is very high. It leads to the conclusion that education is good in the countries where the taxes are very high, or where education is fee-paid. Such American universities as Harvard University (Cambridge, Massachusetts), Yale University (New Haven, Connecticut), Stanford University (Stanford, California), Princeton University (Princeton, New Jersey), are among the best universities over the world. These educational establishments have been recognized as ones of the best over the globe. Meanwhile, education is very expensive there. For example, the fee for education can get about forty thousand dollars per year and more in Harvard University. This fact proves that the most high-qualified education is fee-paid. Such education is valuable and respected in every place. The fee-paid education significantly reduces the availability of higher education. When a person pays serious money for something, then he would take it much more responsible. The opponents of fee-paid higher education state that if higher education is fee-paid, then, it would not be available to everyone. It means that people from poor or middle-class families will not have a possibility to get a higher education. I consider that quality of education will be better, than general education, which is presupposed for everybody. First of all, higher education is not necessary for everyone. People, who want to get a job, are used to go to the colleges. Meanwhile, the employers usually demand higher education, not because it is really necessary for them, but because it has become common. The vast majority of people do not use higher mathematics in the work. They even very rarely use the high school level math. How many times have you applied mathematical integral in the work? Of course, if you are not an engineer or a scientist. Nowadays, higher education is the usual formality. But its not explained that education is bad, and that only a small percentage of people working in the certain areas, really need it. Many vacancies demand only the fact of the presence of higher education. Very often they do not even specify the area, in which it was obtained or success in the study. In many new areas, employers do not even need the higher education, and they are not interested in the formal education. For example, in the field of the informational technologies, the specialists only can show their professional knowledge and abilities to get the job. So, there are two main points, which prove that higher education has to be fee-paid. The first point is that higher education is not necessary for everyone. Most of the people use it only as formality, which devalues ​​the education system as a whole, creating a lot of mediocre educational establishments. The second point is that higher education works good when it is fee-paid. It is good for students, which receive a qualified service, and for the instructors, which get good salaries. Payment for higher education automatically creates its elite status. It does not mean its unavailability for everyone, but elitism, which causes a wish to pay for it. Higher education is a service, which can be consumed or not by a human according to the planned way of life. As any other service, which needs to be high quality, it has to be fee-paid. Visit essay writing service to get custom essays on Higher Education topics. Our writers guarantee high quality and plagiarism-free!

Admissions Application For a Graduate Program 500 words Essay

Admissions Application For a Graduate Program 500 words - Essay Example I returned to college when I was more economically stable and, at the age of 25, acquired a BA Degree. After that, I acquired a Master’s Degree in teaching social sciences. My first exposure to the functions of human resource officials took place when I was employed as a secretary, who doubled as an administrative assistant. Since then, I have also worked in different capacities as a certified teacher, and a customer service representative. At present, I work as an administrative assistant in the Planned Parenthood Federation of America’s finance department. There are many educated individuals who are opting for a certification in human resources. Business professionals, in particular, are seeking to acquire it because it allows them to be able to work in an assortment of well paying fields. Fairleigh Dickinson University is recognized as an important institution that provides indepth certification programs for qualified professionals. Acquiring a certification will help me to be able to develop additional skills which will contribute towards acquiring job stability in my chosen career. I would like to work in the human resources department of a large organization, in order to acquire the kind of extensive experience that can only be afforded by that kind of setting. Acquiring a certification in human resources will also allow me to be able to operate in assorted capacities. Many corporations, particularly in the international setting, require more professional, or expert human resource personnel than they have at present (Mathis & Jackson, 2010). This is because there are many corporations which have to navigate through the complexities that result from mergers, layoffs, the prospect of hiring exceptionally talented workers, and handling complicated insurance changes. The Certification program will inform me on the important aspects

Women in Policing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Women in Policing - Essay Example There are several reasons: first, this job offers financial security; second, there is significant inspiration from the peer group; and acquaintanceship with police work (Price, 1996). Nevertheless, women police officers, face considerable discrimination. Initially, they were not permitted to undertake patrolling duties, because of their perceived physical shortcomings, Vis – a – Vis their male counterparts on the force. This was a double-edged sword employed by the chauvinistic superior police officers, who were exclusively men. Since, patrol duty was a prerequisite for promotions, women were effectively, prevented from obtaining promotions (Price, 1996). Women police officers, have fewer opportunities to progress in their career, and obtain promotions and rewards. Their distribution throughout the force is irregular and there are specialized units, which are conspicuous for the near total absence of women. It is an indisputable fact that men dominate the police force, and that they ensure that women face several hurdles in achieving career advancement and job satisfaction. Professional and social life necessitates a commingling of attitudinal, structural and technical changes. This is essential for engendering social change; and is all the more relevant in ushering in gender equality. The police department is no exception to this notion, and the US has brought about fundamental changes to its laws (Price, 1996). These changes have served to enhance the importance of women in policing In addition, the US initiated moves to better the educational and employment opportunities of women and minorities, by according them privileged treatment in admissions to educational institutions, employment, award of contracts and the conferral of social benefits. This constitutes affirmative action, and it was the consequence of the enactment of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Teaching With

Discuss the influence of variables such as culture and gender on the Essay

Discuss the influence of variables such as culture and gender on the measurement of attachment - Essay Example It should be noted that attachment does not involve exclusively in the childhood; rather, it can be continued in adulthood - a view supported by Ainsworth (1991, in Schneider 1993, p.42). However, the form and the quality of attachment in adulthood is likely to be influenced from the quality of attachment that a person has experienced in his/ her childhood (Ainsworth, 1991, in Schneider, 1993, p.42). In fact, in the context of the ‘Strange Situation’ experimental process (Ainsworth et al. 1978) it has been proved that attachment is likely to be developed in the early years of human life. Through the above experiment, where the attachment of infants to their mother (or caregiver) is measured, it has been proved that attachment in this period of life can appear in 4 different forms: ‘insecure-avoidant, secure, insecure-resistant and insecure disorganised’ (Ainsworth et al. 1978). In any case, attachment can have many different aspects being influenced by gende r and culture, as explained below. McKinsey & Claussen (2003) tried to identify the influence of culture on attachment; in their study, the quality and the aspects of attachment developed between the Egyptian children and their mothers were examined through appropriately customized interviews – visits in the houses of 30 families in Egypt. ... As a result, in Egypt, culture along with gender can be considered as being variables influencing the form and the development of attachment as a key element of social life. On the other hand, Mercer (2006) has opposed the influence of culture on attachment; his study is based on the findings of the research of Mary Ainsworth in Uganda (in 1950s); in the context of the above research it was proved that no relationship exists between attachment and culture. In fact, after visiting ’26 families with babies’ (Mercer 2006, p.41), Ainsworth came to the assumption that the level and the quality of attachment of infants in Uganda are similar to that of infants in Britain (Mercer 2006). The influence of culture on attachment is made clear in the study of Kalat (2010); in the above study it is explained that the patterns of attachment in different cultural frameworks are similar (Kalat 2010, p.175); however differences exist in regard to the measurement of attachment in differen t cultures (Kalat 2010, p.175). As an example, Kalat (2010) refers to the ‘low consistency’ (Kalat 2010, p.175) that characterizes the findings of the measurement of attachment of children in South Africa. In the relevant research, different findings were retrieved when a different research approach was used, a fact which, in accordance with Kalat (2010) indicates the influence of culture on the measurement of attachment. In any case, when the attachment needs to be measured it would be necessary to use an appropriate approach aiming to control inconsistencies; for example, the cultural adaptationism (an approach suggested by Gumperz & Humes, 1986, in Harwood, Miller & Irizarry, 1997,

Feminist Writing In Mirror

Feminist Writing In Mirror Feminism is undeniably one of major themes in her poetry. The following essay will also be discussing the feminist writing style of Sylvia Plath, specifically as presented in her poem Mirror. An ambitious woman writer, Sylvia Plath was living in an era that defined a womans role in a male dominated society. She felt imprisoned in this society. The styling that has led to the continuity of her art and its relevance to society can be attributed to many factors and techniques common among her poetry (SAT, 2008). Plath has been considered a deeply honest writer, whose ceaseless self-scrutiny has given a unique point of view to psychological disorder and to the theme of the feminist-martyr in a patriarchal society. (Liukkonen, 2008) Mirror emphasizes on a number of aspects and issues such as women go through despair and loneliness. Freedman discusses Plaths use of the mirror as a symbol of female passivity, subjugation, and Plaths own conflicted self-identity caused by social pressure to reconcile the competing obligations of artistic and domestic life. (Freedman, October,1993) Mirror narrates the interactions with a narcissist woman. However the woman is probably Sylvia Plath herself as at the first stanza, first sentence of the poem; it states clearly that I am silver and exact. (Plath, 1961). Silver is the ambiguity of Sylvia. This woman also keeps on searching her reflection whether in the mirror or the lake. The Mirror boasts, I have no preconceptions. (Plath, 1961). The first five sentences of the first stanza are to proclaim that the woman in the poem is always that truthful as well as faithful. It is related with Plaths background story. For instance, Plath could have accepted the fact of Ted Hughes unfaithfulness and have blamed herself for the declining of her beauty. As a result, she wrote Mirror to describe the pain of an aging woman from the liars of guys and the feeling of a beauty-declining woman. The Mirror then reports what it usually does: it reflects the pink, with speckles on the opposite wall. (Plath, 1961) Here, Plath uses a pink colour wall to represent her young age. Joshua also agree with this statement, where he comments about It is pink, with speckles, and a connection to a freckle-faced child is apparent, implying blemish-free freshness and the mirrors own youth (Newtown, 2009). Normally, green would be used instead to represent young. Anyway, the pink might come from term of pink of health and this colour has represented the femininity. This is justified because in the next line I have looked at it so long I think it is a part of my heart (Plath, 1961), it mentions that it has gazed at that wall for a long period. It is saying that in her entire life, she has been expected to act like a female and she has been doing it for so much so now she thinks it must be part of her. She is the woman as male-defined ideal or as the ideal manquà ©, the woman who desires to r emain forever the young girl (Freedman, October,1993). The preceding lines Faces and darkness separate us over and over. (Plath, 1961), has expounded the despair of loneliness and misery of her come-and-gone relationship, which she never acquire the fruition of a soul- satisfying true love. In the second stanza, again the woman search for her reflection from the lake. But this time, it portrays a phenomenon where woman denies the reality about her physical appearance. The poem says: Now I am a lake. A woman bends over me. Searching my reaches for what she really is. (Plath, 1961). The woman is unhappy with her appearance and evades from it as she could not accept the reflected appearance of her. It is further explained where it says: Then she turns to those liars, the candles or the moon. (Plath, 1961). She keeps herself away from truth of the reflection but preferred to believe the sweet talks and the praises of the moon or candles. In this case, moon or candles might refer as those people who deceive her, praising how gorgeous she is, but in fact she is no longer. However, she is still enjoyed living in those liars or should say she choose to believe those lies. Here arise another feminist issue, which is woman always chooses to accept what is fake but as long as it i s worth to believe, rather than to face the reality, the truth or the facts. Just like Sylvia Plath, she refuses the fact that in her time where women were still need to do those traditional roles which were cook, clean, and care. Eventually, she has caused too much stress and tensions in the fighting of her rights, and eventually she committed suicide in 1963. Anyhow, the woman is always being reflected faithfully for which the lake would expect gratitude. However, it is often rewarded with tears and an agitation of hands (Plath, 1961). This clearly shows how reluctant, dissatisfy and helpless for a woman to accept the faithful report, yet the mirror or lake is still very important to her. Mirror discusses the importance of itself in a womans life. In Mirror for instance, we find a poem of two stanzas where the entire second stanza preoccupies itself with a woman and her relationship to her mirror, which we come to see is really the womans relationship to the view of herself.(SAT, 2008) Freedman stated that for many women writers, the search in the mirror is ultimately a search for the self, often for the self as artist (Freedman, October,1993). I am important to her. She come and goes. (Plath, 1961), this sentence shows that Plath was always looking into the mirror to search for herself. She struggled from an identity crisis of sorts and while gazing the reflection in the mirror, it could have to deal with her searching for herself. Another point of view will be: the woman indulges herself with hope that she wishes to see herself to appear young and beauty again in front of mirror or lake, that why she keeps on coming and going. However she has disappointed again and again. It clarifies that women do care about their appearance a lot. Joshua also agreed with this statement, where he wrote The mirror is important to the woman, and yet recognizes that she comes and goes as she pleases (Newtown, 2009). This idea is further explained when darkness invade into the womans life. Each morning it is her face that replaces the darkness. (Plath, 1961). As mentioned above, the darkness represents the depressions, the loneliness. As day passes, her youth declines and the figure of her age increase. The woman is despair and unhappy with her life. This is because she has no one to love her and her life is at the end point where she realizes her youth is passed and yet she got nothing but a failure marriage. In short, the idea here is the feeling of a woman with a series of unsuccessful love who had poured in so much time; so much hope but eventually never obtains a fair output whereby she also lost her beauty. It is rather a complicated feeling for a woman when she could not get justified with her efforts in maintaining the relationship. The idea is explored further in the last two lines, where it says, In me she has drowned a young girl, and in me an old woman / Rises toward her day after day, like a terrible fish (Mirror 633). The woman in the poem is no longer a young, beautiful woman; she is aging, and in the womans eyes that is a terrible thing. (SAT, 2008) The woman in the mirror is no doubt ageing and it is believed that the mirror has accompanied her since young age, observing her growth, and reflecting her withers and languishes to an old one. The last line which describes the woman: rise towards her day after day like a terrible fish (Plath, 1961) could hint to the woman is very anxious as she is now like a terrible fish. A terrible fish could be further explained as a woman who has lost her value and no one will concern about her just like a dead fish and the feeling is pretty terrible. The phrase like a terrible fish further enhances the idea of rebellion. Womens psyche does not merely deal in fairness an d beauty; it will be terrible when their rights are trampled with no consideration. In conclusion, Sylvia Plath started her feminist writing because, in her time, the society treated women as objects as if they had no mind. Besides, she was very oppressed by men or more specify her husband. With this Mirror she reflected her despair feeling, the unfairness of the society where women were always dominated by men and also grieves with her declining beauty. With her unique literary style, she often has the themes of feminist criticism in her poetry and Mirror is no exception to the body of her work that remains a relevant part of our literary heritage today. (SAT, 2008)