Customer Service Review Questions Essay

What be some innate qualities or characteristics that sort out people unique? inwrought qualities ar qualities and characteristics that one is born with and has within them. Some innate qualities that make people unique are race, ethnicity, gender, height, natural hair color, and birth order.What immaterial or societal factors affect the way members of a group are seen or perceived?Some external factors that affect the way members are seen the way they dress, talk, act, which religion they support, and how they communicate and daintiness people.What are values? determine are long-term appraisals of the worth of an idea, person, place, thing or practice held by individuals, groups or cultures. They affect attitudes and behavior.Do beliefs differ from values? Explain.Beliefs are convictions arising from exigent experience showing some logical consistency. When beliefs get stronger, they from into principles and philosophies called values. So things suck in out as beliefs and tu rn into values that are held onto and passed downwhy would some people be reluctant to make eye finish off with you?There could be a number of reasons why one wouldnt make eye contact with you. It could be a culteral thing, where it is considered rude to scent people in the eye. It could be that they are nervous or fainthearted and feel awkward making eye contact. Or the sign-language(a) cues that youre giving off may have them a bit terrified or too intimidated to approach you.When dealings with customers with a disability, how gutter you best befriend them?When dealing with customers with disabilities, the most important thing is to treat them equally as you would with any other customer that walks through the door. Be prepared and informed, be careful not to patronize, refer to the person and not the disability, offer assistance but do not rush to help without them asking, and lastly, be extolful. How can recognition of the cultural value of importance of family be usef ul in customer service?Recognizing the importance of family would be helpful in customer service because it shows the customer that relationships are important forming a trust relationship with your customers. Customers like to feel secure and trusted when dealing with anyone in customer service so they know that they are sense heard.What are some considerations for improving communication in a several(a) environment?The diverse nature of the customer population requires contrastes to be sure of the various ways people from different cultures interact in the business setting. Being aware of all the different cultures prepares you for whoever walks through the door and inevitably help understanding certain things and communicating effectively. Avoid jokes, sarcasm, and have respect for the person.How can you effectively communicate with someone who has difficulty with the English wording?The best way to communicate with people that struggle with the English spoken communicatio n or any language that is foreign to them is to use general nonverbal communication, like smiling. Avoid slang and sarcasm, as well as jokes. pegleg to basic general terms.What are some techniques for effectively providing service to former(a) customers?Effective techniques for dealing with the elderly are being respectful, being patient, answer any questions they have, try not to sound patronizing or bossy, stay professional and dont let biases interfere with good service.

Possession of Knowledge Tok

TOK Outline Essay title The possession of fellowship carries an ethical responsibility. Evaluate this claim. What friendship issues I deem argon involved How can you possess jockeyledge? How do you withdraw it and do these ways affect your responsibility of imparting it on others? How is the take a shit intercourseledge you gain affected by your personal ethics? Some large number would have no problem with child(p) out certain pieces of knowledge duration others would be very trouble giving out exactly the same information. How can one know when they are ethically accountable?How do you know how big the impact of the knowledge you are giving will have on the recipient? Ways of erudite, Areas of knowledge that are involved. Ways of knowing oReason Has huge relevance to the essay title. You use argue to decide how the knowledge you have will affect the recipient and if it is ethically responsible to do this. oEmotion Emotion will always affect your decisions when doi ng something, For typeface if you dont destiny to say something to soul as it whitethorn hurt them but they have a right to know.Introduction State my vox populi on the claim, whether I agree/ disaccord oI agree with the statement above, its up to you whether or not to impart certain knowledge you have, depending on the situation. individual youre speaking to, what the knowledge is, how it will affect them. Thesis statement. second divide Try and explain the knowledge issues How can one know when they are ethically responsible etc. See above for a list of some knowledge issues. Discuss ethics, possession of knowledge rd dissever State first demesne of knowledge Ethics State an modelling linking the AOK to the title. oAlbert Einsteins involvement in the creation of the atom bomb. Knew it was outlet to be use in warfare. Link it to the thesis statement, for and against oAs a scientist ethically responsible to impart his findings to the world. oBut as a human being he could have kept it to himself in order to save peoples lives Make sure that both sides of the argument are stated. 4th separate Same as 2nd paragraph except with second area of knowledge Natural and human sciences. Biology example would be Ben Johnson at the 1988 olympic. Doctors ethical responsibility to give him the drugs knowing their effect and the details while Ben Johnson just trusted his professional ability. Economics Bank crisis in 2008. Did the banks have an ethical responsibility to fall apart the public that their money was being used for other things, instead of just letting the money be disoriented and telling them after they had invested it all. th paragraph Explain how ways of knowing will be linked to the claim Reason Provide example. oIf someone stops you on the street and asks for directions then you use reason to plant that it seems perfectly fine for you to impart the knowledge you have and that it coincides with your ethics. 6th paragraph Same as above with other way of knowing feeling oA doctor giving the results of tests to a patient and telling them that they are terminally ill.They may not want to impart that knowledge as they know it will greatly affect the person and emotionally you wouldnt want to be giving that information. But they are ethically responsible as professionals to give that information. oAnother example that would go with this is a police officer having to tell the next of kin that they family member has died. Conclusion Evaluate all the points that have been talked about. Restate your thesis statement and talk about if you agree/ disagree again. Dont bring up any new points smooth off the essay nicely, no trailing points.

Biological Effects Of Radiation Environmental Sciences Essay

shaft describes a procedure in which energetic constituents or locomote ridges travel done a sensitive or infinite. There memberic number 18 two distinguishable cases of radioactivity ionising and non-ionizing. The al-Quran ray is norm altogethery used in mention to ionising shaft just attribute sufficient push to ionise an atom but it may a analogous mention to non-ionizing ray of well-heeled therapy illustration like wire teentsy pitiful ridges or seeable visible beam. The energy radiates travels forthward in neat lines in all waies from its beginning. This geometry of course leads to a system of measuring and corporeal that is every bit applicable to all attributes of shaft. Both ionising and non-ionizing ray of light domiciliate be persecuteful to universes and derriere come after in alterations to the natural environment. actinformer(a)apy with sufficiently extravagantly energy fire ionise atoms. Most much, this drop deads when an electron is stripped from an electron shell, which leaves the atom with a net positive charge. Be hasten cells be made of atoms, this ionisation base ensue in under bodily structurecerous neoplastic infirmity. An single cell is made of millions of atoms. The chance of ionising radiation doing buttcerous neoplastic sickness is dependent upon the dose rate of the radiation and the sensitiveness of the being being irradiated.Alpha atoms, Beta atoms, Gamma and X-Ray radiation, and Neutrons may all be intensify to a broad(prenominal) plenty energy to ionise atoms.Alpha atom In alpha atom, the self-generated procedure of rise of an alpha atom from a hot core group. Alpha atom is by and large termed as alpha decay. An alpha atom is sendted by a telling karyon. The karyon, called p argonnt karyon has a really big midland energy and is unstable. An alpha atom is a He core group h superannuateding two protons and two neutrons. When two negatrons revolving around the karyon of He atom argon knocked out wholly, we have double ionized He atom known as alpha atom.Beta atom a beta-particle is a fast despicable negatron. The self-generated procedure of emanation of beta-particle from a radioactive karyon is called beta decay. Beta decay is of three types beta-minus, beta-plus, and electron gaining control.Beta-minus beta-minus is like an negatron. It is surprising that nucleus contains no negatron, so a karyon terminate breathe negatron. In the neutron inside the karyon is converted in to a proton and an negatron like atom. This negatron like atom is emitted by the karyon during beta-decay.In beta-minus decay, neutron in the karyon is converted in to a proton and a beta-minus atom is emitted so that the ratio of neutron to proton lessenings and at that placefore the nucleus becomes stable.Beta-plus In a beta-plus decay, a proton is converted in to a neutron and a antielectron is emitted if a karyon has more(prenominal) protons than neutrons.Electron gaining contr ol In negatron gaining control, nucleus absorbs one of the interior negatrons go arounding around it and hence a atomic proton becomes a neutron and a neutrino is emitted. Electron gaining control is comparable with a antielectron emanation as the procedures lead to the same atomic transmutation. However, in negatron gaining control occurs more often than antielectron emanation in heavy elements. This is be provoke the orbits of negatrons in heavy elements have same radii and hence orbital negatrons argon really near to the karyon.Gamma beam Gamma beams argon the heights energy packages of electromagnetic radiation. Gamma radiations have high energy photons. They do non hold every charge and their comparative remainder mass is zero. Gamma-decay it is the self-generated procedure of emanation of high energy photon from a radioactive karyon.When a radioactive karyon emits a beta atom, the lady friend karyon is huffy to the higher energy province. This aroused karyon beams are emitt ed by the girl nucleus so it is clear that the emanation of gamma beams fol outsets the emanation of alpha or beta atom.Non ionising radiationNon-ionizing signifiers of radiation on life create from raw material have only if late been studied. Alternatively of bring forthing supercharged ions when go throughing through affair, the electromagnetic radiation has sufficient energy to alter merely the rotational, trembling or electronic valency constellations of molecules and atoms. However, different biologic effectuate are ob setd for different types of non-ionizing radiation radio moving ridges Radio moving ridges whose wavelengths range from than 104m to 0.1m, are the present moment of charges speed uping through carry oning wires. They are generated by such(prenominal) electronic devices as LC oscillators are used in wireless and telecasting communicating system. unseeable beams Infrared radiations have wavelength runing from about 0.3m to 10 -4m and besides generated by the electronic devices. The invisible radiation energy absorbed by a substance as internal energy because the energy agitates the object s atoms, increasing their work over or translational gesture, which significances temperature ontogenesiss. Infrared radiation has practical and scientific drill in m all an(prenominal) countries, including physical therapy, infrared radiation picture taking, and quiver spectrometry.Ultraviolet radiation Ultraviolet radiation screen wavelength runing from about 4X104m to 6X10-10m. The fair weather is an of merchandise beginning of ultraviolet radiation visible radiation, which is the chief cause of tan. Sunscreen locations are crystalline to seeable visible radiation but greater per centum of UV visible radiation absorbed. Ultraviolet beams have besides been implicated I the formation of cataracts.Most of the UV visible radiation from the Sun is absorbed by ozone molecules in the Earth upper ambiance, in a bed called stratosphere. This ozone s hield converts lethal high energy UV radiation to infrared radiation, which in bends warm the stratosphere.X raies X raies have the scope from approximately10-8 to 10-12m. The most common beginning of X raies is halting of high energy negatrons upon the pelting a metal mark. X raies are used as nosologies tool in medical fortissimo and as the intervention for certain signifiers of malignant neoplastic disease. Because X raies can damage or destruct living tissue and being, attention essential be taken avoid necessary word picture or over- impression. X raies are besides used in the survey of crystal aspect because x-rays wavelengths are comparable to the atomic separation distance in solids.electromagnetic radiation The wave nature of electromagnetic radiation explains assorted phenomena like intervention, diffraction and polarisation. However, wave nature of electromagnetic radiation, could explicate phenomena like photoelectric consequence, Compton Effect. The cathode rays l ie of negative charged atoms called negatrons which are the fortune of an atom and therefore the component of affair.Harmonizing to the construct of radiation illustration light moving ridge s wireless moving ridges, X raies, microwaves etc. are assumed to mail energy in packages or packages known as photons or quanta.Biological consequence of radiationIn biological consequence of radiation, there are m each unsafe do of our wellness and primitive structure. Biological effects of radiation are typically can be divided into two classs. The first gear category consist of moving picture to high doses of radiation over shots force out point of clip bring forthing ague or soon term effects. The second class represents exposure to low doses of radiation over an drawn-out halt of clip bring forthing chronic or long term effects. higher(prenominal) window pane ( acute ) high doses tend to vote lot cells, while low doses tend to damage or alter them. High doses can kill so ma ny cells that tissues and mutation meats are damaged. This is bend may do a rapid whole organic structure response frequently called the ague radiation syndrome ( ARS ) .Low doses ( chronic ) low doses spread out over long periods of clip do nt do an immediate melodic line to any organic structure organ. The effects of low doses of radiation occur at the degree of the cell, and the consequences may non be sight for many old ages.Although we tend to tie in high doses of radiation with ruinous events such as atomic arms detonations, there have been documented instances of roughbodys deceasing from exposures to high doses of radiation ensuing from tragic events.High effects of radiation high effects of radiation are skin Burnss, copper loss, asepsis, cataracts.Effectss of skin embarrass ( blushing like tan ) , dry ( skining ) , and moist ( vesicating ) . Skin effects are more likely to happen with exposure to moo energy gamma, x-ray, or beta radiation. Most of the energy of the radiation sedimentation in the skin surface. The dosage indispensable for erythematic to happen is comparatively high, in senseless of 300 radiations. Blistering requires a dosage in surplus of 1,200 radiations. cop loss, besides called epilation, is similar to clamber effects and can happen afterward acute doses of about 500 radiations.Asepsis can be shipboard or lasting in males, depending upon the doses. To bring forth lasting asepsis, a dosage in surplus of 400 radiations is required to the rich variety meats.Cataracts ( a clouding of the lens of the oculus ) appear to hold a threshold about 200 radiations. Neutrons are circumstancely effectual in bring forthing cataracts, because the oculus has high H2O content, which is peculiarly effectual in halting neutrons.High dose effectsDose ( radiation ) consequence observed15-25 inventory count alterations.50 blood count alteration in single. speed of light Vomiting ( threshold ) .150 Death ( threshold ) .Classs of effects of exposure to low doses of radiationThere are three general classs of effects ensuing from exposure to low doses of radiation. These areFamilial the consequence is suffered by the progeny of the person exposed.Bodily the consequence is chiefly suffered by the person exposed. Since malignant neoplastic disease is the primary consequence, it is sometimes called the carcinogenic consequence.In-utero some erroneously consider this to be a familial effect of radiation exposure, because the consequence, suffered by a machinatement is after birth. However, this is really a particular instance of the bodily consequence, since the embryo is the 1 to the radiation. ray of light hazard the boisterous hazards for the three chief effects to degree of radiation areIn familial consequence, hazard from 1 paradoxical nap of radiation exposure to the generative variety meats about 50 to 1,000 clip s less than self-generated hazard for assorted anomalousnesss.In bodily consequence, for radiation gen erate malignant neoplastic disease, the hazard estimation is developing any type of malignant neoplastic disease. However non all malignant neoplastic diseases are associated with exposure to radiation. The hazard from deceasing from radiation induced malignant neoplastic disease is about one half the hazard of acquiring the malignant neoplastic disease.In utero Spontaneous hazards of foetal abnormalcies are about 5 to 30 times greater than hazard of exposure to 1 paradoxical sleep radiation. However, the hazard of child goon malignant neoplastic disease from exposure in utero is about the same as the hazard to grownups exposed to radiation exposures.Linear no-threshold hazard supposed deem general consensus among experts is that some radiation dosage by a additive, no threshold hypothetical account. This theoretical account is accepted by the NRC since it appears to be most conservative.Linear an summation in dose grownups in a relative addition in hazard.No-threshold any dosag e, no affair how little, produces some hazard.The hazard does non get down at 0 because there is some hazard of malignant neoplastic disease, even with no occupational exposure. Exposure to radiation is warrant of injury. However, because of the additive, no-threshold theoretical account, more exposure means more hazard, and there is no dosage of radiation so little that it will non hold some consequence.Effects OF radiation sickness ON CELLSIonizing radiation absorbed by human tissue has tolerable energy to take negatrons from the atoms that make up molecules of the tissue. When the negatron that was shared by the two atoms to organize a molecular constipate is dislodged by ionising radiation, the bond is broken and therefore, the molecule falls apart. This is a basic theoretical account for understanding radiation harm. When ionising radiation interacts with cells, it may or may non direct a decisive portion of the cell. We consider the chromosomes to be the most critical porti on of the cell since they contain the familial information and instructions required for the cell to execute its map and to do transcripts of it for reproduction intents. Besides, there are really effectual fuddle mechanisms at work invariably which fix cellular harm including chromosome harm.Uses of radiation Nuclear natural philosophies application are highly widespread in fabrication, medical specialty in biological science, we present a few of these application and implicit in theories adventure uping them.Tracing Radioactive tracers are used to track chemicals take constituent in assorted reactions. One of the most valuable utilizations of radioactive tracers in medical specialty. For illustration, I, a food needed by the human organic structure, is obtained mostly through consumption of iodinated salt and sea nutrient. radiation therapy Radiation causes much harm to quickly spliting cells. Therefore, it is utile in malignant neoplastic disease intervention because tumour c ells divide highly quickly. some(prenominal) mechanisms can be used to present radiation to a tumour. In some instances, a narrow beam of X ray or radiation from a beginning such as 60co is used. In some other state of affairs, thin radioactive acerate leafs called seeds are implanted in the cancerous tissue. The radioactive isotope 131I is used to handle malignant neoplastic disease of the thyroid.Black organic structure radiation An object at any temperature emits electromagnetic moving ridges in the signifier of thermic radiation from its surface. The features of this radiation depend on the temperature and belongingss of the object s surface. Thermal radiation originates from accelerated charged atoms in the atoms near the surface of the object those charged atoms emit radiation much as little aerials do. The thermally radiation foment atoms can hold a distribution of energies, which accounts for the uninterrupted spectrum of radiation emitted by the object. The basic job wa s in understanding the ascertained distribution of wavelengths in the radiation emitted by a dreary organic structure. A disgraceful organic structure is an ideal system that absorbs all radiation incidents on it. The electromagnetic radiation emitted by the black organic structure is called black body radiation.Radiation harm Radiation harm means that electromagnetic is all about in the signifier of wireless moving ridges, microwaves, light moving ridges so on. The grade and type of harm depend on several(prenominal) factors, including the type and energy of the radiation and belongingss of the affair.Radiation harm in biological being is chiefly due to ionization effects in cells. A cell s normal operation may be disrupted when extremely reactive ions are formed as the consequence of ionising radiation. Large those of radiation are peculiarly unsafe because harm to a great figure of molecules in a cell may do to decease.In biological systems, it is common to divide radiation ha rm in two classs bodily harm and familial harm. Bodily harm is that associated with any organic structure cell except the generative cells. Bodily harm can take to malignant neoplastic disease or can earnestly change the features of specific being. Familial harm affects merely generative cells. Damage to the cistrons in generative cells can take to faulty cells. It is of import to be the aware of the consequence of nosologies interventions, such as X raies and other signifiers of radiation exposure, and to equilibrate the all important(p) benefits of intervention with the detrimental effects.Damage caused by the radiation besides depends on the radiation s perforating power. Alpha particles cause extended harm, but penetrate merely to shoal deepness in a stuff due to strength interaction with other charged atoms. Neutrons do non interact via the electric force and hence penetrate deeper, doing important harm. Gamma beams are high energy photons that can do serve harm, but frequentl y pass through affair without interactions. For example- a given over dosage of alpha atom causes approximately 10 times more biological harm produced by radiation than equal dosage of X raies. The RBE ( comparative biological effectivity ) factor for a given type of radiation is the figure of rads of X ray or gamma radiation that produces the same biological harm as 1-rad of the radiation is being used.Radiation sensors Atoms go throughing through affair interact with the affair in several ways. The atoms can, for example- ionize atoms, spread from atoms, or be absorbed by atoms. Radiation sensors exploit these interactions to let a measuring of the atom s energy, momentum, or alteration and sometimes the very being of the atom if it is otherwise wakeless to observe. Assorted devices have been developed for observing radiation. These devices are used for a assortment of intents, including medical diagnosings, radioactive dating measuring, mensurating back land radiation, and men surating the mass, energy, and impulse of atoms is created in high-energy atomic reaction.Consequence OF RADIATION ON HUMANSA really little sum of ionising radiation could trip malignant neoplastic disease in the long term even though it may take decennaries for the malignant neoplastic disease to look. Ionizing radiation ( x-rays, radon gas, radioactive stuff ) can do leukaemia and thyroid malignant neoplastic disease. There is no misgiving that radiation can do malignant neoplastic disease, but there still is a inquiry of what degree of radiation it takes to do malignant neoplastic disease. Quickly spliting cells are more susceptible to radiation harm. Examples of sensitive cells are blood organizing cells ( bone marrow ) , enteric liner, hair follicles and foetuss. Hence, these develop malignant neoplastic disease foremost.If a individual is exposed to radiation, particularly high dosage, there are predictable alterations in our organic structure that can be measured. The figur e of blood cells, the frequence of chromosome aberrances in the blood cells and the sum of radioactive stuff in piss, are illustrations of biomarkers that can call for if one is exposured high dosage. If you do non hold primeval biological alterations indicated by these measurings the radiation exposure will non present an immediate menace to you.Radiation harmful conditionRadiation toxic condition, radiation illness or a crawl dosage, is a signifier of harm to organ tissue caused by inordinate exposure to ionising radiation. The term is by and large used to mention to acute jobs caused by a big dose of radiation in a short period, though this besides has occurred with long term exposure. The clinical name for radiation illness is acute radiation syndrome as described by the CDC A chronic radiation syndrome does be but is really uncommon this has been observed among workers in early Ra beginning production sites and in the early yearss of the Soviet atomic plan. A short exposure can ensue in acute radiation syndrome chronic radiation syndrome requires a drawn-out high degree of exposure.Radiation exposure can besides increase the chance of developing some other diseases, chiefly malignant neoplastic disease tumours, and familial harm. These are referred to as the stochastic effects of radiation, and are non included in the term radiation.Radiation ExposureRadiation is energy that travels in the signifier of moving ridges or high-velocity atoms. It occurs of course in sunshine and sound moving ridges. Man-made radiation is used in X-rays atomic arms, atomic power workss and malignant neoplastic disease intervention.If you are exposed to little sums of radiation over a long clip, it raises your hazard of malignant neoplastic disease. It can besides do mutants in your cistrons, which you could go through on to any kids you have after the exposure. A batch of radiation over a short period, such as from a radiation exigency can do Burnss or radiation illness. Symptoms of radiation illness include sickness, failing, hair loss, skin Burnss and decreased organ map. If the exposure is big plenty, it can do premature aging or even decease.

Imduction Processes Essay

innovation is the first step along a pathway of perk uping that a new-sprung(prenominal) worker undertakes when joining the loving c atomic egress 18 sector or a new organisation and forget continue entirely through their sustainmenter. It is wizard of the principal most historic processes within the organisation. Staff induction often focuses on the corporate policies, eg safety, security, anti-discrimination, equality, etc. This is useful cultivation, if non the most interesting to resolveicipants. Beyond policies, we also frustrate pr modus operandiicalities, for example how to carry out common administrative tasks such as completing hebdomadly timesheets, changing address, how to fill out daily daybook records for the answer users. What information systems exist, we give out company email addresses and group leader/ theatre director telephone numbers. Induction readiness is very meaning(a) for new staff.Good induction training assists with retention of new sta rters ensuring they argon settled in quickly into a productive happy role. This in turn is good for the company staff retention cuts recruitment costs. Induction training mop upers the opportunity to establish clear expectations from the outset in price of integrity, ethics and professional social business. The primary importance is to get wind that the man-to-man is working within the guidelines of the law, companys policies, procedures and values, Safeguarding regulations and Care Quality flushary station standards. It is then also extremely important for the service users, it enables staff to cheat and understand each individual and become familiar with their support plans to en true that the staff follow a person centred approach to caring for the service users.The induction process we provide is base around the Skills for Care leafy vegetable Induction criterions. These Common Induction banners amaze been designed to provide a structured start for workers in the fi rst 12 weeks of employment, which give assistant en accredited that they are then safe to leave alone with responsibility for the people they support. When workers are expected to perform any tasks that are non covered by the standards, appropriate training go out be sourced forrader the work is undertaken. There are eight standards that the induction covers, these are trite 1 Role of the health and social care worker criterion 2 Personal growingsStandard 3 Communicate effectivelyStandard 4 Equality and InclusionStandard 5 Principles for implementing duty of careStandard 6 Principles of safeguarding in health and social careStandard 7 Person-centred supportStandard 8 Health and safety in an adult social care setting.Each standard contains a number of areas of knowledge that staff need to know more or less before they contribute work safely without close supervision. Each area is made up of outcomes which say what exactly you need to know about that area. Once the 12 week in duction process is finish the staff will have knowledge of all the standards above and will have reached the desired outcomes of the induction.As a manager it is my responsibility to arrange for the new staff to direct about the different areas within the standards and that they gain enough knowledge to admit the outcomes for each area. People have different ways of instruction, some learn by being told things through, others learn through watching, some through public lecture things and coming up with ideas and also some learn by in reality doing the tasks. Prior to induction a training require analysis is completed this will identify the best way to facilitate the training needs for each new member of staff. I will then negotiate with our training department and arrange for the induction to take place.We will hold the best way to deliver the training to meet the individuals needs. This mass be done through classroom room based training sessions, reading and completing tr aining booklets and also through shadow an experienced member of staff who has the knowledge and skills to pass on. During the 12 week induction period the new member of staff will be assessed on their competency to ensure they have understood everything they have learned. These assessments will be carried out by the manager, team leader and/or training manager. Then when the staff member has successfully completed the induction period, the manager in combination with the team leader will sign off the Certificate of Successful Completion.Once completed staff are encourage to develop their job role to include new areas of work not covered by the common induction standards. The induction standards provide the prefatory training necessary for work in social care just as a company we provide further training for the superfluous tasks not covered through induction. This has been developed through skills for care learning sessions and the training available includes Acquired Brain Inj ury (Introduction)Aspergers Syndrome (Introduction)Autism Syndrome (Introduction)Dementia and mix-up How to respondDementia DefiningLearning Disability (Introduction)Recognising and Managing ConflicManaging Medication maintenance in Home Support ServicesEmpowerment of Service exploiterThe completed induction links in to many of the knowledge requirements for the middle units of the diploma in Health and Social Care qualification. Training is further throughout employment to enable the staff member to develop new skills and knowledge and open up further career options. This supports and promotes professional development that will be beneficial to both(prenominal) the organisation and the staff member, ensuring that we are working in line with current best bore and guidelines. strong induction can assist staff who want to move from one type of social care provision to another, or who are jump work with a different service user group, as they will have new things to learn so that they can understand how their practice may need to be adapted to the changed circumstances. The knowledge and skills training sessions can provide the learning necessary for workers to make a successful transmutation into a different part of the social care sector.Successful end of induction ensures staff meet the General Social Care Council (GSCC) enter of practice for social care workers, which describes the standards of professional conduct and practice necessitate of social care workers as they go about their daily work. As an employerAllCare has to adhere to a code of practice which includes their duty to establish a adequate workforce. Ensuring staff successfully complete their induction is a part of this. The Common Induction Standards have been designed to service make sure that organisations can provide a quality service for the individuals we support, and that includes making sure new staff are safe to leave alone in the workplace to carry out their role and r esponsibilities. We centre on the mission that, our company will provide a safe environment for both staff and service users.We focus on safeguard and promote the social welfare of the service users in our care, in compliance with Trafford multi-agency Safeguarding Adults Policy and Procedures and the publication of the No Secrets guidance by the Department of Health in 2000. This guidance stipulates that all local partner agencies should work together to prevent, detect and investigate concerns about possible adult abuse. The role of induction training with regard to safeguarding is to help develop and foster a shared understanding of the tasks, processes, principles, and roles and responsibilities outlined in national guidance and local arrangements for safeguarding vulnerable adults and promoting their welfare.Induction teaches how to recognise and act on signs of abuse and neglect, risk assessments and the making and management of referrals, ensuring that our staffs are compete nt and confident in carrying out their responsibilities for safeguarding and promoting service users welfare. All staffs are provided with this information during induction via our employee handbook.

CheckPoint: Conflict

Conflict is an inevitable part of life whether it is in relationships, socially, or between nations. Most contradicts arise from differing points of belief on actions or goals and how they are handled bottomland lead to a ceasefire or the breakup of ones relationships. Conflict resolution skills are needed when navigating the stormy irrigate of conflict. How one perceives the goals and intentions of opposites can lead to misconceptions. When an individual or group perceives some others intentions are harmful conflict get out arise. It is human nature to believe that ones group is different or give way than some other group.Forming an in-group bias will lead one to look for enjoin to support ones detrimental opinions of others. Stereotyping is often behind negative opinions and misconceptions that lead to conflicts. Perceptions are the way a person thinks or views another so, perceptions would factor greatly into conflicts. A negative mirror-image perception will get one to over exaggerate the differences often held by parties in conflict for example, each party may view itself as ethical and passive and the other as wicked and hostile.Viewing others in this light will only inflame the controversy and lead to more conflict. Learning how to view conflict differently can bring about peaceable solutions. sealed methods must be employed for reconciliation to occur. Exposure and close law of proximity will lead to learning more about the other person. A better understanding helps to foster closeness and common interest. If one is slightly someone regularly, one will learn how to get along with the other person.When parties whom are at odds with each other work together on a common goal, they each learn to develop comradeship. Cooperation can facilitate in conflict resolution as well. Communicating effectively in conflict is huge in learning to resolve issues and pee-pee reconciliation. Negotiations when resolving conflicts should include bargaini ng, mediation and coming to an understanding with each other. If you cannot make pass with someone properly, this will lead to more conflict.

Made for India

While consumers across the human race are seeing a growing number of Made in India labels on the goods they buy, Indian shoppers are witnessing a more subtle change. Increasingly, international companies are selling products that are not just made in but that are made for India. Entire generations of Indian consumers, who once felt grateful simply for being able to experience the same brands as the rest of the world, are now realizing they can ask for products that cater to their wants and needs.And they put up a good chance of getting what they want. The willingness of big brands to customize their products was neer the issue, says Harminder Sahni, managing director of Technopak Advisors India, one of the countrys largest management consultancies. What has changed is that the Indian grocery has finally piped a critical mass after the U. S. and China, this is the largest consumer market in the world that justifies the investment. That wasnt of all time the case.Before the Indian economy opened up in the archean 1990s, imported goods were a sought-after commodity, their foreignness often being their close to desirable attribute. Not surprisingly, then, many multinationals didnt think success would require a great deal effort when their brands finally entered the country after 1991. Things have changed. As Indian consumers became more aware of trends and advancements in technology, they began to demand similar sophistication. More important, they precious products built to their needs.That meant not just auto planetarys, household appliances and consumer electronics, but also mobile phones, foods and apparel. Earlier, there was a reverence for anything foreign because local products were of terrible quality, says Abraham Koshy, prof of marketing at the Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad (IIMA). But as the market developed, the focus started shifting from the product to the brand. Customers started patronizing a brand scarce if the product s uited them.So the need arose for companies to adjust their products to customers requirements. It isnt only approximately holding on to existing customers. If altering a products design or introducing a variant will help a brand reach out to an additional customer group, most companies would think it worth the investment. Brands that do their relevance with customers do well, says Shripad Nadkarni, director of MarketGate Consulting, a Mumbai-based marketing and brand consultancy.The increase use of third-party sourcing helps further the customization cause companies can simply take on additional local suppliers who will adapt the products for different markets and customer groups. Of course, pickle doesnt work for all products. Many high-end luxury goods, for instance, rely on their country-of-origin iota to enhance their brand appeal. A Made in India label on these products would be disastrous, says Technopaks Sahni. Koshy adds that products where the unit consumption is low m ay not condone huge outlays on customization.

HVDC Light Technology Essay

AbstractThis document reveals theHVDC low-cal DC contagion technology.It is utilise in under landed estate transmission and more all over provides point to point transmission.HVDC soft admits only deuce elements cryly a converter postal service and a equalise of ground logical arguments. The newborn HVDC catch fire personal credit line is an extruded, single-pole parentage. It is ideally suit for feeding originator into growing metropolitan subject aras from a suburban substation. HVDC climb down is inherent environmentally friendly parentages instead of OH transmission lines. Virtually no magnetic field. The environmental gains would be substantial, since the part supplied via the DC cables will be send offted from efficient military unit plants in the chief(prenominal) AC world force out system.1. debutA hundred years ago, the transformer and a new transmission and distributionbe controlled barely and independently bear flip command overhead lines at n o constitutecontrol capabilities that are non introduce oreconomically feasible to yoke small outstrip,Equally important, HVDC Light hasfor uneffective, polluting local generationfrequency, active and reactive power canislands, mining districts and drilling misdirects from a main(prenominal) AC-gridof each other. This technology withal relieson a new type of underground cable which penalty platforms can be supplied with power frompossible even in the most sophisticated ACrenewable power generation. renewable power generation plants such as diesel units.The potential difference, .Connect small eggshellFeeding remote isolatedFlexible transmissionSystem technology, HVDC Light, makes it the main grid,thereby eliminating the indispensabilityto the main AC grid. Vice versa,using thevery same technology, remote locations asthe three physique system make it possible totransmit AC power efficiently and economically over vast distances and todistributethe power toamultitude ofuser s.Since then all aspects of transmission anddistribution endure developed by means oftechnical improvement and evolution. This AC transmission and distributiontechnology has made it possible to locategeneratingplants in optimum locations, andtoutilize them efficiently. This has alsoresulted in great environmental gains.Thermal plants hold back been located wherethey can be supplied with sack through anefficient transportation system, therebyreducing fade and pollution.Hydro plants turn out been located where the hydroresources can be utilize at the greatestadvantage. And vast generating plantshave meant less overhead lines than amultitude of smaller generating plantswould have required.However, todays AC transmission anddistribution systems are, at least inprinciple, based on ideas that haventchanged much since a hundred years ago. To transmit power, step up the voltage withtransformers, transmit power, step downthe voltage and distribute power. disrespecttheir proven advanta ges, it is difficult andexpensive to adapt AC transmission anddistribution systems to the numerous small ordered series leafgenerating plants that are being built,or to the increasingly complex and variableproduction and load demands.Environmental concerns and regulationsalso put heavy restrictions on building right-of- styluss and on small-scale, fogeyfuelledgenerating plants, such as dieselgenerating plants.These new trends require meshs that areflexible. The lucres must be able to copewith large variations in load and frequentchanges in productions patterns with tougher environmental regulations.Also, in such flexible networks, the powerflow and the voltages require precisecontrol in order to make the grids stable and economic.2. TECHNOLOGYAs its name implies, HVDC Light is a DCtransmission technology. However, it isdifferent from the classic HVDCtechnology used in a large number oftransmission schemes. Classic HVDCtechnology is mostly used for large point-to-point transmiss ions, often over vastdistances across land or under water. It requires fast communications channelsbetween the two stations, and there mustbe large rotating units generators orsynchronous condensers present in theAC networks at both ends of thetransmission.HVDC Light consists of only two elements a converter station and a duet ofground cables. The converters are voltagesource converters, VSCs. The takings from the VSCare determined by the controlsystem, which does not require whatevercommunications touch ons between the differentconverter stations. Also, they dont need torely on the AC networks ability to keepthe voltage and frequency stable. Thesefeatures make it possible to connect theconverters to the points bests suited for theAC system as a whole.Power range up to snow MWIndependent control of active and reactive power abide feed power to AC network without ownGeneration DCThe converter station is designed for apower range of 1-100 MW and for a DCvoltage in the 10-100 k V range. One suchstation occupies an area of less than 250sq. m. (2 700 sq. ft.), and consists ofjust a few elements two containers for theconverters and the control system, threesmall AC air-core reactors, a simpleharmonics filter and some cooling fans. 20MW18x12mThe converters are using a dress of six valves,two for each phase, equipped with highpowertransistors, IGBT (Insulated GateBipolar Transistor). The valves arecontrolled by a computerized controlsystem by neural impulse width modulation, PWM.Since the IGBTs can be switched on or off, the output voltages and currents onthe AC side can be controlled precisely.The control system automatically adjuststhe voltage, frequency and flow of activeand reactive power according to the needsof the AC system.The PWM technology has been seek andtested for two decades in switched powersupplies for electronic equipment ascomputers.Due to the new, high powerIGBTs, the PWM technology can now beused for high power applications as electricpow er transmission.HVDC Light can be used with regularoverhead transmission lines, but it reachesits full potential when used with a new kindof DC cable. The new HVDC Light cable isan extruded, single-pole cable. As anexample a pair of cables with a conductorof 95 sq mm aluminum can have got a load of30 MW at a DC voltage of +/-100KV.Handling the cable is easy. Despite its large power-carrying capacityit has a specific weight of just over 1 kg/m.Contrary to the case with AC transmissiondistance is not the factor that determinesthe line voltage. The only limit is the costof the line losses, which may be lowered bychoosing a cable with a conductor with alarger cross section. Thus, the cost of apair of DC cables is linear with distance.Insulation 5.5 mm triple extrudedScreen pig wireSheath HDPEWeight 1.05 kg/mVoltage 100 kV DCCurrent 300 APower 30 MWConductor 95 mm2AluminumA DC cable familiarity could be more costefficientthan even a medium distance ACoverhead line, or local genera ting unitssuch as diesel generators.The converter stations can be used indifferent grid configurations. A singlestation can connect a DC load or generatingunit, such as a photo-voltaic power plant,with an AC grid. deuce converter stationsand a pair of cables make a point-to pointDC transmission with AC connections ateach end. Three or more converter stationsmake up a DC grid that can be connected to genius or more points in the AC grid or todifferent AC grids.An HVDCLight network can be configured radial or meshed,like all network.The DC grids can be radial with multi-dropconverters, meshed or a confederacy ofboth. In other words, they can beconfigured, changed and expanded in muchthe same way AC grids are.3. APPLICATIONS3.1 OVERHEAD LINESIn general, it is getting increasingly difficultto build overhead lines. Overhead lineschange the landscape, and the constructionof new lines is often met by public resentment and policy-making resistance. Peopleare often concerned about the pos siblehealth hazards of living close to overheadlines. In addition, a right-of-way for a high voltage line occupant valuable land. Theprocess of maintaining permissions forbuilding new overhead lines is alsobecoming time-consuming and expensive.Laying an underground cable is a mucheasier process than building an overheadline.A cable doesnt change the landscapeand it doesnt need a wide right-of-way.Cables are rarely met with any publicopposition, and the electromagnetic fieldfrom a DC cable pair is very low, and also astatic field. Usually, the process ofobtaining the rights for position anunderground cable is much easier, quickerand cheaper than for an overhead line.A pair of HVDC Light cables can beplowed into the ground. Despite their largepower capacity, they can be put in placewith the same equipment as ordinary, AChigh voltage distribution cables. Thus,HVDC Light is ideally suited for feedingpower into growing metropolitan areasfrom a suburban substation.3.2 REPLACING LOCAL GE NERATIONRemote locations often need localgeneration if they are situated far awayfrom an AC grid. The distance to the gridmakes it technically or economicallyunfeasible to connect the area to the maingrid. Such remote locations may be islands,mining areas, bollix and anele handle or drillingplatforms. Sometimes the local generators use hitman turbines, but diesel generators aremuch more common.An HVDC Light cable connection could bea offend choice than building a local powerplant based on fossil fuels.Theenvironmental gains would be substantial,since the power supplied via the DC cableswill be transmitted from efficient powerplants in the main AC grid. Also, thepollution and noise disclosed when thediesel fuel is transported will be completelyeliminated by an HVDC line, as the needfor frequent maintenance of the diesels.Since the cost of building an HVDC Lightline is a linear function of the distance, abreak-even might be reached for as shortdistances as 50- 60 km.HVDC Light l owest costAC + Overhead lineHVDC Light + cableCost insideAC gridDistance from the AC grid eliminate local diesel Cost/kWh3.3 CONNECTING POWER GRIDSRenewable power sources are often builtfrom scratch, beginning on a small scaleand gradually expanded. Wind turbine farms is the typical case, but this is alsotrue for photovoltaic power generation.These power sources are usually locatedwhere the conditions are particularlyfavorable, often far away from the mainAC network. At the beginning, such aslowly expanding brawniness resource cannotsupply a remote community with enoughpower.An HVDC Light marry could be anideal solution in such cases.First, the link could supply the communitywith power from the main AC grid,eliminating the need for local generation.The HVDC Light link could also supply the rustle turbine farm with reactive power for the generators, and keeping the powerfrequency stable.When the power output from the windgenerators grows as more units are added,they may supply th e community with asubstantial serving of its power needs. Whenthe output exceeds the needs of theCommunity, the power flow on the HVDCLight link is reversed automatically, and thesurplus power is transmitted to the mainAC grid.Wind powerSmall scale hydropowerHVDC LightExtruded cableDistant ac- gridWaste gas is usually burned at offshoredrillingplatforms, since it is too expensive,or technically difficult, to use the gas for power generation and transmit it by an ACcable to the main grid on the shore. Thus,the energy content of the gas is wasted, andthe primitive burning process is source ofpollution. With an HVDC Lightunderwater cable transmission, the gas canbe used as gas turbine fuel, supplying boththe platform and the main AC grid withpower. The process of burning the gas ingas turbines would also produce much acleaner exhaust than simple burning woulddo.The DC underwater cable network could easily be extended to other offshoreplatforms.3.4 ASYNCRONOUS LINKSTwo AC grids, adjace nt to each other butrunning asynchronously with respect toeach other, cannot exchange any powerbetween each other. If there is a surplus ofgenerating capacity in one of the grids itcannot be utilized in the other grid. Each ofthe networks must have its own capacity of peak power generation, usually in the formof older, inefficient fuel fossil plants, ordiesel or gas turbine units. Thus, peakpower generation is often a source ofsubstantial pollution, and their fueleconomy is frequently bad.A DC link, connecting two such networks,can be used for combining the generationcapacities of both networks. Cheap surpluspower from one network can replace peakpower generation in the other. This willresult in both reduced pollution levels andincreased fuel economy. The powerexchange between the networks is alsovery easy to measure accurately.4. ADVANTAGES* Transmission by HVDC Light saves the environment by replacing local fossil-fueled generation withtransmission from main AC-grid. * Connecting small scale renewable power to main AC grid. * HVDC Light is inherent environmentally friendlycables instead of OH transmission lines. * Virtually no magnetic field. * No ground currents because of bipolar transmission.5. CONCLUSIONHVDC Light technology saves theenvironment by replacing remote fossilfuelledgenerators with cost-efficienttransmission of power from efficient andclean, large-scale generation productionunits. The efficiency of a modern, largescale, thermal generating plant is usually 25percent higher than that for a modernsmall or moderate scale diesel generatorplant,Vice versa, HVDC Light provides aconvenient and cost-effective way forconnecting renewable and non-pollutingenergy sources as wind power farms andphotovoltaic power plants to a main grid.The HVDC Light technology in itself hasstrong environmental benefits.Since poweris transmitted via a pair of underground cables, the electromagnetic fields from thecables cancel each other. Any residual fieldis a static fie ld, as opposed to the powerfrequencyfields radiated from AC cables.Since HVDC Light transmissions arebipolar, they do not inject any currents intothe ground. Ground currents can disturbcommunications systems or causecorrosion on gas or oil pipelines.A pair of light-weight DC cables can beeasily plodded into the ground at a costthat is alike(p) to or less than for acorresponding AC overhead line. Asopposed to an overhead line, anunderground cable pair has no visualimpact at all on the landscape. Usually itsalso much easier to obtain permissions andpublic approval for a cable transmissionthan for an overhead line, e special(a)ly inresidential areas.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTOur open thanks to HOD and FACULTIES for encouraging us to prepare the above document. A special thanks to IEEE.orgREFERNCES1 K. Eriksson, HVDC Light and development of Voltage SourceConverters, IEEE T&D 2002 Latin America, So Paulo, Brazil, March. 2 L. Carlsson, G. Asplund, H. Bjrklund, M. berg, Present trends inHVDC conve rter station design IV SEPOPE Conference, Foz doIguacu, Brazil. 3IEEE explorer.org

Media Industry

A REPORTSUBMITTED TOWARDS THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENTOF THE REQUIREMENTS OF TWO YEARS adept-time POST GRADUATE DIPLOMA IN ( transmission line) MANAGEMENT SUBMITTED BY PUNIT GUPTA create by mental act PGPM ROLLNO 2K8/PGPM/B20 SESSION 2007-09 ASIA PACIFIC INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES (NEW DELHI) ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The feeling of ac put on it awayledging some(prenominal) fond occasion and expressing it in words argon dickens contrasting things altogether. It is our weakness, exclusively we h whizzstly harbor t eyelid when we truly wish to express our warm gratitude and indebt ness towards somebody c at oncerned, we be always at a loss of words.We g footstepfully take this hazard to express our gratitude and indebtedness to our most able guide Mrs. NIDDHI TANDON for his active interest, punctual encour whilement, valuable suggestions and unceasing assistance and creative criticism at altogether stage of this project. We would manage to thank our institute HT MEDIA LTD. for pro viding us with this opportunity to initiate this project. KRATIKA SINGH Table of Contents Chapter 1. conception 1. Backgound 2. Title of the Project 3. Rationale of soak up Chapter II. Objectives & Scope of Study Chapter III. Review of Literature/Theoretical PerspectivesChapter IV. query modeology Chapters V, VI, - Observations, Data Collection, Analysis, and Interpretation Chapter Findings Suggestions Conclusions Annextures Bibliography INTRODUCTION push- chain reactor stack is the condescension effortless launched by HT Media Ltd. With the collaboration of the W either pass Journal which is the most authoritative art day by day in the realness of paper for e precise fall(a) out coulomb cable of instruction. It is the creations largest and most respected condescension sweets platform. The purpose fag end mint was the robust prep arth of the Indian economy as is unmistakable in the increase inventory market.This colossal-terminus segment increase rece ptive up an opportunity for a high quality daily report. Although the byplay composition market was chiefly dominated by economic times how perpetu eithery thither was a huge untapped potential for a high quality daily. And this is where HT, in collaboration with the bulwark Street Journal, came break through with HT Mint. Media Industry Media Industry comprises of publisher, television, outdoor, clip, radio, meshing and cinema. Indian Media and Entertainment Industry learn out performed the Indian Economy & is genius of the fastest growing sectors in India.It is rising on the back of economic growth and rising in move into levels. The topical size of the diligence is pronounced at $7. 7 billion and is evaluate to grow at a CAGR of 19% for the next 5 years. Industry 2006 ($ Bn) % dispense 05-10 CAGR FDI Limit TELEVISION 3. 7 42% 24% 49% film ENTERTAINMENT 1. 20% 18% hundred% RADIO O. 1 1% 32% 20% MUSIC 0. 2 2% 1% coke% LIVE ENTERTAINMENT 0. 2 2% 18% 100% ph otographic stigma MEDIA 2. 30% 12% 100% OUT-OF-HOME MEDIA 0. 2 3% 14% 100% net income ADVERTISING 0. 0 0% 50% 100% slap-up media advertize (ad- take place) in India in 2004 was estimated by TAM Adex India at Rs. 118 billion. stigma advertise storeyed for the largest sh atomic fig 18 with 46. 0%, followed by television with 41. %, outdoor advertising with 7. 0%, radio with 2. 0%, cinema advertising with 3. 0% and internet with 1%. Although yarn-dye media in India ( papers, magazines and niche universalations) dominates ad-spend, recentspapers sh ar of the ad-spend fell as television gained, rising from approximately 40% in 2001 to 41% in 2004 (source TAM Adex India). In 2004, print media ad-spend grew by 15% and television ad-spend grew by 13%, respectively, comp bed with 2003 (Source TAM Adex India). Print medias share of the ad-spend in India opposite second television whitethorn now wee-wee stabilized.The apprehension some the print media cosmos adversely affe cted by the advent of the Internet as a medium of sharing learning seems to chair been modeltled. While newspapers and magazines whitethorn have experienced some placenibalization by their digital equivalents, ad-spend in the print media has stabilized everyplace the past hardly a(prenominal) years. Set forth under is a chart that shows the ad-spend by media category in Asia/Pacific in 2000 through 2003. pic Indian Print Media The Indian newspaper industry is intensely competitive, with sixfold national and regional players vying for a big share of the readership, circulation and advertising market.A strong national brand combined with multi-city operations and a high level of content and product quality are emerging as the fundamental differentiators, because it divulges an opportunity to larger non-retail admans to choke out to multiple markets and high quality sense of hearings at a low cost, tour local advertisers asshole concentrate on city-specific advertisin g. Given these inherent advantages associated with having multi-city, large denture operations, the industry has begun to witness a phase of consolidation. We expect this process of consolidation to continue.The domestic industry at this time does non have remote or multinational players operating, although that could happen in the future if and when the G overnment of India changes its hostile investment regulations and restrictions applicable to the print media segment. In addition to intra-segment competition, the Indian paper industry is withal faced with the competition posed by primaeval(a) forms of media including television broadcasters, magazines, radio broadcasters and websites. Trends indicate that un resembling in the global markets, print-ad spend is growing faster than electronic in India.In the calendar year 2005, print media ad- spend grew by 15% against 12% television as per Industry estimates. Contrary to global lines, both readership and circulation of n ewspapers are similarly growing in India. This strong growth trend for the Indian newspaper industry appears sustainable from medium-term positioning. Continued economic growth and change magnitude literacy is expected to change players much(prenominal) as HT Media to be bigger beneficiaries in the event of either reversal in newsprint price trends. cuttingspaper readership in 2005 was xcl jillion (Source NRS 2005), up from 165 million in 2003 (Source NRS 2003). We believe that daily newspapers are increasingly macrocosm bought for their analysis of the news and current personal matters and in this context, newspapers are gradually taking on the role of a magazine, in that respectby adversely seismic disturbanceing the magazine segment. FORMAT OF NEWS newsprint Most modern-day newspapers are in peerless of threesome sizes 1) Broadsheets 600mm by 380mm (23? by 15 inches), generally associated with much(prenominal) intellectual newspapers, although a trend towards comp act newspapers is changing this. ) Tabloids half the size of broadsheets at 380mm by 300mm (15 by 11? inches) and a great deal perceived as sensationalist in contrast to broadsheets. Examples The Sun, The National Enquirer, The National Ledger, The Star Magazine, New York Post, The Globe. 3) Berliner or Midi 470mm by 315mm (18? by 12? inches) apply by European papers such as Le Monde in France, La Stampa in Italy, El Pais in Spain and, since 12 folk 2005, The Guardian in the United Kingdom. newspaper publishers are vernacularly printed on inexpensive, whitish paper hunch overn as newsprint.Since the 1980s, the newspaper industry has largely move away from lower-quality letterpress printing to higher-quality, four-color process, offset printing. In addition, desktop computers, word affect software, graphics software, digital cameras and digital prepress and character referencesetting technologies have revolutionized the newspaper production process. These technologies have enabled newspapers to publish color photographs and graphics, as come up as innovative layouts and fracture design. To help their titles stand out on newsstands, some newspapers are printed on colored newsprint.For example, the pecuniary Times is printed on a distinctive chromatic garden pink paper, and the Italian sports newspaper La Gazzetta Dello Sport is printed on pink paper. Sheffields weekly sports populaceation derives its name, the Green Un, from the traditional colour of its paper, while LEquipe (formerly LAuto) is printed on yellow paper. Both the latter promoted major cycle line of deliver the goodsments and their newsprint colours were reflected in the colours of the jerseys used to de none the race drawing card thus, the leader in the Giro dItalia wears a pink jersey.Introduction to Indian Newspaper Industry Newspaper is the oldest and the most conventional mode of big(p) news on a wide array of topics to the mess at their doorstep. The newspaper industry at the global arena has come a long way from presenting news in black and ovalbumin to adopting the most innovative of methods, including colored background and text, unique paper materials, and so forthto fork out all kinds of news for readers. The Indian newspaper industry has the record of giving the most number of newspapers to the readers, both at the national as well as at the regional levels.One of the oldest newspapers of India, The Statesman was founded in 1818. It has been much or less two centuries now since the inception of the oldest newspaper in the country. During this period, the Indian newspaper industry has achieved tremendous ground of success for various newspapers that are circu latterlyd passim the country. The most unique fact of the Indian newspaper industry is that newspapers in various regional languages, Hindi, and English are published and circulated throughout the country.The Indian English newspaper sector is the most published and circulated lot in the Indian newspaper industry. With the newspaper industry as a viable platform for the proliferation of advertising and marketing of public relations, there has been witnessed an impressive magnification of newspapers at all levels. A typical Indian English newspaper serves as an ideal banner for companies who would look forward to advertise their products or services symbolizeing in mind the strength of the readers nationwide.Since a newspaper is the initiatory thing that most of the citizens of the country go through early in the morning, it stands at an advantage of making its stand in full view of the massive number of readers. The much the readers or viewers of the ads, the more impact the advertisements have suck in in the minds of the slew. An Indian English newspaper being the most read newspaper in the country, most of the companies high spot their services and products for the citizens, shoot fors these newspapers for the showcase . Newspapers act as the ideal method of public relations overdue to its strength as the scoop up way of communication. intimately Ht Media Ltd Founded in 1924 when its flagship newspaper Hindustan Times was inaugurated by Mahatma Gandhi, HT Media (BSE, NSE) has today become one of Indias largest media companies. With a combined daily circulation of 2. 25 million copies and a readership shew of 14. 49 million readers, Hindustan Times (English) and Hindustan (Hindi) enjoy strong brand scholarship among readers and advertisers, and are produced by an editorial team don for its quality, innovation and integrity. HT Media ope evaluate 17 printing facilities across India with an installed capacity of 1. million copies per hour. HTs internet furrow, under the HindustanTimes. com portal, is primarily a news website with 2 million unique visitors and 100 million page views per month, with a signifi merchantmant share of the traffic coming from extraneous India. As part of its expansion into electronic media, HT Media, through its subsidiary HT unison and Entertainment Company Ltd. , has entered the FM radio market in fall upon Indian cities through a consulting partnership with Virgin radio. The channel, Fever 104, is one of the most vibrant on the airwaves and is currently open in Delhi and Mumbai.HT Media has to a fault launched a national business newspaper, Mint, with an undivided agreement with hem in Street Journal to publish Journal branded news and education in India. HT Media reported 2007 annual revenue of $245 million. For the fiscal terce quarter stop December 31, 2007, the company reported a 13% increase in revenue to $82 million and a 10% increase of dinero after tax (PAT) to $9 million from the year-ago quarter. History Hindustan Times was founded in 1924 by Master Sunder Singh Lyallpuri, founder-father of the Akali Movement and the Shiromani Akali Dal in Punjab.S Mangal Singh Gill (Tesildar) and S. Chanchal Singh (Jandiala, Jullundur) were do in charge of the new spaper. Pt Madan Mohan Malayia and Master Tara Singh were among the members of the Managing Committee. The Managing hot seat and Chief Patron was Master Sunder Singh Lyallpuri himself. K. M. Panikkar was its setoff editor program with Devdas Gandhi (son of Mahatma Gandhi) as well as on the editors panel. The opening ceremony was performed by Mahatma Gandhi on September 15, 1924. The first issue was published from Naya Bazar, Delhi (now Swami Sharda Nand Marg). It contained writings and articles from C.F. Andrews, St. Nihal Singh, Maulana Mohammad Ali, C. R. Reddy (Dr. Cattamanchi Ramalinga Reddy), T. L. Vaswani, Ruchi Ram Sahni, Bernard Haton, Harinder Nath Chattopadhyaya, Dr Kichlu and Rubi Waston etc. It has its roots in the independence movement of the first half of the twentieth century. It was edited at times by galore(postnominal) a nonher(prenominal) substantial people in India, including Devdas Gandhi (the son of Mahatma Gandhi) and Khushwant Singh. Ownership The Delhi - buttocksd English newspaper, Hindustan Times, is part of the KK Birla sort and managed by Shobhana Bhartia, granddaughter of GD Birla.It is possess by HT Media Ltd. The KK Birla group at present owns 69 per cent gage in HT Media, currently cheerd at Rs 834 crore. When Bhartia joined Hindustan Times in 1986, she was the first woman chief executive of a national newspaper. pic pic pic miscellaneous brand working under HT media ltd. Hindustan Times Hindustan Times, the flagship publication from the group, was inaugurated by Mahatma Gandhi in 1924 and has established its presence as a newspaper with editorial excellence and integrity. Today, Hindustan Times has a circulation of over 1. million and is the fastest growing mainline English newspaper in footing of readership. Hindustan Times, Delhi, is Indias largest maven- form daily. In July 2005, Hindustan Times do a successful entry into the commercial detonator of India Mumbai. Hindustan Times is printed in nine centres in cluding Bhopal, Chandigarh, Delhi, Mumbai, Jaipur, Kolkata, Luc exist, Patna and Ranchi. Hindustan Times believes in continuous improvement and providing enormouser shelter to its readers and advertisers. It has set many a standards for its competitors and lead continue to do so in the years to come.It is the first smart-age newspaper in India to evolve into a new multinational size sleeker and smarter which gibes deepen ease of recital and well-to-do handling. In its endeavour to provide its readers with great value, Hindustan Times has revamped its existing supplements and added new ones to its portfolio, offering a daily supplement catering to specific target audience. Supplements like Brunch are the first of their kind. The enlarged operations and enhanced look have similarly paid off with a existent increase in circulation across the country pic Hindustan Started in 1936 and with a readership of over 10. million, HT Media Ltd. s Hindi daily, Hindustan, ranks as the 3rd most-read Hindi newspaper all over India. Edited by Ms Mrinal Pande, a noted journalist, academician and writer, Hindustan is known for its fair, un nonreversible and secular news reporting and analyses. The width and sense of Hindustans editorial, including the newspapers acclaimed supplements, is sooner unparalleled in the Hindi language newspaper market. Hindustan is also the first and just now vernacular newspaper to go all-colour in Delhi and an some other(prenominal) key markets. This has given Hindustan an un-paralleled edge over competition.The newspaper has four editions to wit Delhi, Lucknow, Patna and Ranchi and nine print locations namely, Delhi, Lucknow, Varanasi, Patna, Muzzaffarpur, Bhagalpur, Ranchi, Dhanbad and Jamshedpur , chandigarh catering to the reading habits of a cross- section of audiences in start outing age groups. Hindustan is expanding rapidly in the state of Uttar Pradesh, which is the largest Hindi newspaper market, and where Hindustan was al ready the fastest growing Hindi daily. Three new editions have been launched (in Meerut, Agra, and Kanpur) in 2006, giving a further boost to its growth and r apiece inwardly the state.Hindustan dominates in Bihar with an undisputed readership of over 6 million. Its reader base is twice the size of its nearest competitor in the Hindi daily market of Bihar and Jharkhand (NRS 2003 vs. 2005). With some precise exciting expansion plans already underway, Hindustan is all set to become the leading Hindi newspaper in the country. Currently, the Delhi edition of Hindustan is also available online in epaper format. pic Consolidating presence in existing businesses tax income growing regarding Hindustan is more than 30% every year Aggressive expansion of readership base Rapid expansion in UP, Punjab & biharSuccessful new launches in UP .. Meerut/Agra/Kanpur and chandigrah Encouraging consumer response to product Future plans Transferring Hindi business into a subsidiary Aggressive expansio n strategy to market leader through UP, Uttranchal, MP and Punjab expansion HT NEXT HT NEXT has everything that the youth ever wanted in a newspaper sports news (great stories for English prime(a) League and Formula 1 nuts), nuggets on celebs (yes, even more showy than Laloo Yadav), global and local news in other words, Your world (which, incidentally, is Our edition of the world too).There is even a political digest twenty-four hours In Politics- for those who want to go beyond the sincerer, lighter matter, and seek to know which way the times are moving. Delhi, India and World are your dedicated pages for all the news that matters. Check out the daily science and nature section, Life, The humankind and Everything,or JLT for whats in these days. In case you are bitten by the writing bug, HT nigh has the space and readership. Participate in daily debates if you like to lock horns on current affairs, post a message on Plug In if you wish to connect or simply dash off an arch e part poem for My Space, if you have it in you.There are quizzes for those bent upon pleasing fabulous prizes, on e-mail or SMS For the youth of India, this is Where Its At. Kadambini With a long and celebrated history since its inception in 1960, this monthly Hindi magazine is a one-of-its-own-kind socio-cultural-literary journal. Kadambini is a monthly Hindi magazine published by HT Media Ltd. with a long and celebrated history of 44 years. It is a one-of-its-own-kind socio-cultural-literary magazine, which has survived the transfer of many other Hindi magazines in the genre. Its first Editor was recently Shri Balkrishna Rao, a prominent Hindi writer.He was followed by Late Shri Ramanand Doshi, who was also a well-known literary inning, and during whose tenure Kadambini touched new heights. Its third Editor Shri Rajendra Awasthy was also a known literary figure. Mrs Mrinal Pande took charge as Editor in February 2003. Mrs Pande is a well-known and respected journalist and lit erary figure in Hindi, as well as English. Associate Editor Shri Vishnu Nagar is also a well-known figure in Hindi news media and literature. Under Mrs Pandes able guidance and Associate Editor Shri Vishnu Nagars leadership, Kadambini has scaled new heights of quality, readability and scientific approach.It is the solo Hindi magazine which covers a wide range of military issues including literature, science, history, sociology, politics, films and sports with sincerity and public appeal. Its every issue becomes a special issue as it focuses in-depth on one important and popular concern apart from its various regular features. It always prefers quality and readability over cheap, popular taste. Its new approach is widely appreciated by common readers as well as the enlightened sections of society. The magazine has created a new space for itself while retaining its old base.It is the wholly Hindi magazine, which guarantees that it bring out not compromise on family values. Kad ambini is the totally Hindi magazine which covers a wide range of subjects including literature, science, history, sociology, politics, films and sports with sincerity and popular appeal. Nandan HT Media Ltd. s childrens magazine has a popular appeal both in India and abroad. Ever since its inception in 1964, Nandan has published more than ten thousand stories, three thousand poems, and thousands of other creative pieces during these 40 years.It has been very popular among children and their families in India and abroad. The magazine was started in November 1964 in the keeping of Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru, with its first issue being dedicated to the late Prime Minister. Nandan triumphs over its contemporaries because its stories are a combination of the best in both our traditional and modern cultural ethos. Nandan believes in constitution the mind and behaviour of our children in a positive way, and to challenge their minds by exposing them to new ideas for the world of science a nd engineering.From its very inception, Nandan has been privileged to publish the stories, memoirs, excerpts, biographies and poems of many of the greats from the fields of literature and politics, some of whom are Dr Rajendra Prasad, Indira Gandhi, Gyani Zail Singh, V P Singh, Atal Bihari Vajpayee, A P J Abdul Kalam, Bhar leanu Harishchandra, Premchand, Jaishankar Prasad, Bibhuti Bhushan Bandhopadhyaya, Mohan Rakesh, Kamleshwar, Amritlal Nagar, Ramdhari Singh Dinkar, Satyajit Ray, Bhishm Sahni, Ashapurna Devi, Vishnu Prabhakar, Harivansh Rai Bacchan, Shivani, Rajendra Yadav, Khushwant Singh, Krishna Sobti, Manohar Shyam Joshi, Mannu Bhandari, Mrinal pande, Mridula Garg, Taslima Nasrin, Jayant Vishnu Narlikar, Ramesh Dutt Sharma and Kuldeep Sharma.Nandan has published more than ten thousand stories, three thousand poems, and thousands of other creative pieces during these 40 years. It includes more than 400 world classics for children. Nandan has been conducting story-writing, paint ing, poetry and crossword contests regularly, which has encouraged lot of interest among children and helped to develop their creativity. Nandan gets more than 5000 responses monthly from all over India and abroad, which is in itself a record. Mint A Business Daily From HT The purpose behind mint was the robust growth of the Indian economy as is evident in the growing stock market. This long-term segment growth opened up an opportunity for a high quality daily newspaper.Although the business newspaper market was mainly dominated by economic times however there was a huge untapped potential for a high quality daily. And this is where HT, in collaboration with the Wall Street Journal, came out with HT Mint. Our Promise International elan Clarity News to knowledge, knowledge to understanding Business of life Wall street Edge & world class editorial Exclusive newspaper newspaper towboat partnersKelloggs/Wharton/Jack Welch pic . ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF HT MEDIA LIMITED DELHI pic Product compose of mint Mint A paper that delivers refreshing clarity in business news. a unique inviting and uncluttered layout en currents that you reach the right audience in right environment.Powerful Lineage Regarding Mint 1 The Wall Street Journal In India Mint is the business daily launched by HT Media Ltd. With the collaboration of the Wall Street Journal which is the most authoritative business daily in the world of newspaper for over 100 year. It is the worlds largest and most respected business news platform Features of Mint 1 Available for six days a week gives you put on ,relevant and well analyzed Indian as well as international business news . 2 Quick S support Act as summary of the key stories of the day with the index of company and people 3 Leading the News A detailed perspective on key news and policy decision affecting business. Corporate News Financial results mergers acquisitions and everything that buzzing around the corporate corridors. 5 Economy and P olitics Targeted at decision practicers, policies and politics that impact business. 6 Market and Media Best to know latest on consumer behaviors and trends, innovation in media space. 7 On advertizing Must read for Advertising and market professionals 8 Commodities Pictorially depicts impact of weather on 4 major commodities of the day. 9 Management Carries a legal column by AZB and partners, advocates and solicitors, fortnightly column on career. 10 Venture Capital Get to know the latest venture capital action also get latest on private fair-mindedness deals with Thomson financial deal counter. 1 The Wall Street Journal spheric news from the largest business publication in the world. 12 Money Matters heavyset of Market & Financial news from India & world plus news and column apologizeing market movement. 13 2 pages of views that gives us a complete perspective on issues that matter. Mint on Saturdays A Last Week . next Week Update on what happened last week and what will e xtend to residue in the coming week. B Lounge Read exclusive columns by Vir Sanghvi and Shoba Narayan and all about books , trends , travel and technology , painting and health and every Saturday columns by Jared Sandberg . style pursuits , insider play ,business linger ,cover ,travel ,books, flavors.C Mint Market Watch Pull out from Tuesday to Saturday with the largest lean of mutual fund in business daily. On Monday mint have campaign on strategy , marketing advertising and management and column by Jack and Suzy Welch. Articles from Kellog , Oxford and Wharton . Readership and Circulation Profile of Mint. Second largest business daily in Delhi and Mumbai on readership basis . On an ordinary Mint have Circulation of hundred thousand copies per day in Delhi, Mumbai , Bangalore , Chandigarh and Pune. The Mint have exclusively its presence in all major airlines, airports and 5 star hotels in Mumbai , Delhi and all bonus clubs, restaurants etc.Mint as an ideal platform for adver tising Benefits that an advertiser could derive from advertising there product in Mint are . A Reaches the right target audience. B The Berliner format and clean layout ensures that advertisement is get noticed in more better way. C in advance(p) and flexible advertising options. Types of advertisement in Mint are. a. Corporate Advertisement. b. modus vivendi Brands . c. Airlines d. Mint is a great hit in the midst of consumer durables . e. A hit among the real estate and infrastructure advertisers. f. Hit in go industry. g. And also acts as a leading platform for financial announcements. human action OF THE PROJECTTHE STUDY OF CHANGE IN COMSUMER PREFERENCE DUE TO promotional STRETAGIES FOR ENGLISH NEWS PAPER IN SOUTH DELHI WITH PREFERENCE TO HINDUSTAN multiplication RATIONALE OF STUDY ? To RESEARCH PLAN Source of Data primary coil quill driveive information, Secondary data Research Approach Survey Research prick Questionnaire RESEARCH OBJECTIVE ? To know about the consume rs of mint. ? To know about what captivate a customer and what way they select a special(prenominal) business newspaper. ? To ask current market scenario of mint. ? To know there competitors and key challenges. ? To know about preferences of costumer. Research DesignResearch design is different from the method by which data are collected. Many research methods texts confuse research designs with methods. It is not uncommon to see research design treated as a mode of data collection sooner than as a logical structure of the inquiry. But there is nothing intrinsic about any research design that bespeaks a grouchy method of data collection. Although cross-sectional written reports are frequently equated with questionnaires and case studies are often equated with player observation (e. g. Whytes Street Corner Society, 1943), data for any design can be collected with any data collection method (Figure 1. 5). How the data are collected is irrelevant to the logic of the design.Faili ng to distinguish in the midst of design and method leads to poor evaluation of designs. Equating cross-sectional designs with questionnaires, or case studies with participant observation, means that the designs are often evaluated against the strengths and weaknesses of the method quite than their ability to draw relatively unambiguous conclusions or to select between rival plausible hypotheses. Types Of Research Design Descriptive research Although some people dismiss descriptive research as mere exposition, good description is fundamental to the research enterprise and it has added immeasurably to our knowledge of the bring into being and nature of our society.Descriptive research encompasses much government sponsored research including the state census, the collection of a wide range of social indicators and economic information such as household expenditure conditions, time use studies, battle and iniquity statistics and the like. Descriptions can be concrete or abst ract. A relatively concrete description cogency describe the ethnic mix of a community, the changing age prole of a people or the sex activity mix of a workplace. Alternatively the description poweriness pack more abstract questions such as Is the level of social inconsistency increasing or declining? , How secular is society? or How much penury is there in this community? Accurate descriptions of the level of unemployment or poorness have historically played a key role in social policy reforms (Marsh, 1982).By demonstrating the existence of social problems, competent description can challenge accepted assumptions about the way things are and can provoke action. Good description provokes the wherefore questions of explanatory research. If we detect greater social polarization over the last 20 years (i. e. the rich are getting richer and the poor are getting poorer) we are forced to rent Why is this happening? But before asking why? we must(prenominal) be sure about th e fact and dimensions of the phenomenon of increasing polarization. It is all very well to develop elaborate theories as to why society might be more polarized now than in the recent past, but if the basal premise is wrong (i. e. ociety is not becoming more polarized) then attempts to explain a non-existent phenomenon are silly. Of course description can degenerate to unretentive fact gathering or what C. W. Mills (1959) called abstracted empiricism. There are plenty of examples of unfocused values and case studies that report trivial information and extend to provoke any why questions or provide any basis for generalization. However, this is a function of inconsequential descriptions rather than an indictment of descriptive research itself. informative research Explanatory research focuses on why questions. For example, it is one thing to describe the curse rate in a country, to examine trends over time or to compare the rates in different countries.It is quite a different th ing to develop explanations about why the hatred rate is as high as it is, why some types of offensive are increasing or why the rate is higher in some countries than in others. The way in which researchers develop research designs is fundamentally affected by whether the research question is descriptive or explanatory. It affects what information is collected. For example, if we want to explain why some people are more likely to be apprehended and convicted of crimes we require to have hunches about why this is so. We may have many possibly incompatible hunches and will adopt to collect information that enables us to see which hunches work best empirically. state the why questions involves develop causal explanations.Causal explanations argue that phenomenon Y (e. g. income level) is affected by factor X (e. g. gender). Some causal explanations will be simple while others will be more complex. For example, we might argue that there is a direct effect of gender on income (i . e. simple gender discrimination) (Figure 1. 1a). We might argue for a causal chain, such as that gender affects choice of eld of development which in turn affects. Causal masses often confuse correlational statistics with causation. Simply because one event follows another, or two factors co-vary, does not mean that one causes the other. The link between two events may be come tocidental rather than causal.There is a correlation between the number of re engines at a re and the nub of damage caused by the re (the more re engines the more damage). Is it and so reasonable to conclude that the number of re engines causes the amount of damage? distinctly the number of re engines and the amount of damage will both be due to some third factor such as the serious-mindedness of the re. similarly, as the divorce rate changed over the twentieth century the crime rate increased a few years later. But this does not mean that divorce causes crime. Rather than divorce causing crime, di vorce and crime rates might both be due to other social processes such as secularization, greater individual(a)ism or poverty. Why to select Descriptive Research Design?Descriptive studies are also called observational, because you restrain the subjects without otherwise intervening. The simplest descriptive study is a case, which reports data on only one subject examples are studies of an outstanding athlete or of an athlete with an unusual injury. Descriptive studies of a few cases are called case series. In cross-sectional studies variables of interest in a try on of subjects are assayed once and analyzed. In prospective or age group studies, some variables are assayed at the start of a study (e. g. dietary habits), then after a period of time the outcomes are determined (e. g. incidence of heart disease). other label for this kind of study is longitudinal, although this term also applies to experiments.Case- escort studies compare cases (subjects with a particular attribut e, such as an injury or ability) with controls (subjects without the attribute) comparison is make of the exposure to something suspected of causing the cases, for example volume of high posture training, or number of cigarettes smoked per day. Case-control studies are also called retrospective, because they focus on conditions in the past that might cause subjects to become cases rather than controls. A common case-control design in the exercise science literature is a comparison of the behavioral, psychological or anthropometric characteristics of elite and sub-elite athletes you are evoke in what the elite athletes have been exposed to that makes them better than the sub-elites.Another type of study compares athletes with sedentary people on some outcome such as an injury, disease, or disease risk factor. Here you know the difference in exposure (training vs no training), so these studies are really cohort or prospective, even though the exposure data are self-collected retros pectively at only one time point. They are consequently known as historical cohort studies. We are working in a very wide area so we need to asseverate the facts in their actual condition, so we are using Descriptive Research. have You almost always have to work with a try out of subjects rather than the full people. But people are interested in the nation, not your audition.To generalize from the assay to the creation, the type has to be representative of the state. The safest way to ensure that it is representative is to use a hit-or-miss option procedure. You can also use a separate stochastic have procedure, to make sure that you have proportional representation of population subgroups (e. g. sexes, races, regions). Selection bias occurs when the sample is not representative of the population. More accurately, a sample statistic is biased if the expected value of the statistic is not equal to the value of the population statistic. (The expected value is the avera ge value from many samples pinched using the same(p) have method. A typical source of bias in population studies is age or socioeconomic status people with extreme values for these variables tend not to take part in the studies. Thus a high compliance (the proportion of people approached who end up as subjects) is important in avoiding bias. Journal editors are usually happy with compliance rates of at least 70%. Failure to randomize subjects to control and intercession groups in experiments can also produce bias if you let people select themselves into the groups, or if you select the groups in any way that makes one group different from another, then any result you get might reflect the group difference rather than an effect of the treatment.For this reason, its important to willy-nilly assign subjects in a way that ensures the groups are balanced in terms of important variables that could modify the effect of the treatment (e. g. age, gender, physical performance). randomise subjects to groups as follows rank- assemble the subjects on the basis of the variable you most want to keep balanced (e. g. physical performance) split the list up into pairs (or triplets for three treatments, etc. ) assign subjects in each pair to the treatments by flipping a coin check the mean values of your other variables in the two groups, and designate randomly chosen pairs to balance up these mean values. Human subjects may not be happy about being randomized, so you need to state clearly that it is a condition of taking part. Types Of Sampling random consumeRandom, or hazard consume, gives each member of the target population a known and equal probability of selection. The two basic procedures are 1 the lottery method, e. g. picking numbers out of a hat or bag 2 the use of a table of random numbers. Systematic try out Systematic try is a modification of random consume. To arrive at a organized sample we simply guess the desired sampling fraction, e. g. if there are 100 allocators of a particular product in which we are interested and our budget allows us to sample say 20 of them then we divide 100 by 20 and get the sampling fraction 5. Thereafter we go through our sampling frame selecting every 5th distributor.In the purest sense this does not give rise to a true random sample since some systematic arrangement is used in listing and not every distributor has a chance of being selected once the sampling fraction is calculated. However, because there is no conscious control of precisely which distributors are selected, all but the most pedantic of practitioners would treat a systematic sample as though it were a true random sample. Systematic sampling as applied to a plenty of retailers Systematic sampling Population = 100 Food Stores Sample desired = 20 Food Stores a. Draw a random number 1-5. b. Sample every Xth store. Sample Numbered Stores 1 1, 6, 11, 16, 21 96 2 2 7, 12 17, 22 97 3 3, 8, 13 18, 23 98 4 4, 9, 14 19, 24 99 5 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 100 Stratified samples Stratification increases precision without increasing sample size. Stratification does not imply any departure from the principles of dissonance it merely denotes that before any selection takes place, the population is divided into a number of strata, then random samples taken in spite of appearance each point. It is only realizable to do this if the distribution of the population with respect to a particular factor is known, and if it is also known to which stratum each member of the population belongs.Examples of characteristics which could be used in marketing to stratify a population include income, age, sex, race, geographical region, possession of a particular commodity. Stratification can occur after selection of individuals, e. g. if one wanted to stratify a sample of individuals in a townspeopleship by age, one could intimately get figures of the age distribution, but if there is no general population list showing the age distr ibution, prior stratification would not be possible. What might have to be done in this case at the analysis stage is to correct proportional representation. Weighting can considerably destroy the assumptions one is able to make when interpreting data self-collected from a random sample and so stratification prior to selection is advisable.Random stratified sampling is more precise and more handy than simple random sampling. When stratified sampling designs are to be employed, there are 3 key questions which have to be immediately intercommunicate 1 The bases of stratification, i. e. what characteristics should be used to subdivide the universe/population into strata? 2 The number of strata, i. e. how many strata should be constructed and what stratum boundaries should be used? 3 Sample sizes indoors strata, i. e. how many observations should be taken in each stratum? Bases of stratification Intuitively, it seems clear that the best basis would be the oftenness distribution o f the confidential information variable being studied.For example, in a study of coffee consumption we may believe that behavioural patterns will vary tally to whether a particular respondent drinks a lot of coffee, only a moderate amount of coffee or drinks coffee very occasionally. Thus we may consider that to stratify according to heavy users, moderate users and light users would provide an optimum stratification. However, two difficulties may arise in attempting to proceed in this way. First, there is usually interest in many variables, not just one, and stratification on the basis of one may not provide the best stratification for the others. Secondly, even if one survey variable is of primary importance, current data on its frequency is marvellous to be available.However, the latter complaint can be attended to since it is possible to stratify after the data has been completed and before the analysis is undertaken. The only approach is to create strata on the basis of varia bles, for which information is, or can be made available, that are believed to be highly correlated with the principal survey characteristics of interest, e. g. age, socio-economic group, sex, farm size, firm size, etc. In general, it is desirable to make up strata in such a way that the sampling units within strata are as similar as possible. In this way a relatively gear uped sample within each stratum will provide a generally precise estimate of the mean of that stratum.Similarly it is important to maximise differences in stratum means for the key survey variables of interest. This is desirable since stratification has the effect of removing differences between stratum means from the sampling wrongdoing. Total variance within a population has two types of internal interlingual rendition between-strata variance and within-strata variance. Stratification removes the second type of variance from the weighing of the standard error. Suppose, for example, we stratified students in a particular university by subject speciality marketing, engineering, chemistry, computer science, mathematics, history, geography etc. and questioned them about the distinctions between training and education.The theory goes that without stratification we would expect variation in the views expressed by students from say within the marketing speciality and between the views of marketing students, as a whole, and engineering students as a whole. Stratification ensures that variation between strata does not enter into the standard error by taking account of this source in drawing the sample. Number of strata The next question is that of the number of strata and the construction of stratum boundaries. As regards number of strata, as many as possible should be used. If each stratum could be made as homogeneous as possible, its mean could be estimated with high dependableness and, in turn, the population mean could be estimated with high precision.However, some practical problems lim it the desirability of a large number of strata 1 No stratification scheme will completely explain the variability among a set of observations. Past a trusted point, the residual or unexplained variation will dominate, and little improvement will be effected by creating more strata. 2 Depending on the costs of stratification, a point may be reached quickly where creation of additional strata is economically unproductive. If a single overall estimate is to be made (e. g. the average per capita consumption of coffee) we would commonly use no more than about 6 strata. If estimates are required for population subgroups (e. g. by region and/or age group), then more strata may be justified. Sample sizes within strata Proportional allocation erst strata have been established, the question becomes, How big a sample must be drawn from each? Consider a situation where a survey of a two-stratum population is to be carried out Stratum Number of Items in Stratum A 10,000 B 90,000 If the b udget is fixed at $3000 and we know the cost per observation is $6 in each stratum, so the available total sample size is 500. The most common approach would be to sample the same proportion of items in each stratum. This is termed proportional allocation. In this example, the overall sampling fraction is picThus, this method of allocation would result in Stratum A (10,000 ? 0. 5%) = 50 Stratum B (90,000 ? 0. 5%) = 450 The major practical advantage of proportional allocation is that it leads to estimates which are computationally simple. Where proportional sampling has been employed we do not need to pitch the means of the individual stratum when calculating the overall mean. So picsr = W1pic1 + W2 pic2 + W3 pic3+ Wk pick best allocation Proportional allocation is advisable when all we know of the strata is their sizes. In situations where the standard deviations of the strata are known it may be advantageous to make a disproportionate allocation.Suppose that, once again, we ha d stratum A and stratum B, but we know that the individuals assigned to stratum A were more vary with respect to their opinions than those assigned to stratum B. Optimum allocation minimises the standard error of the estimated mean by ensuring that more respondents are assigned to the stratum within which there is greatest variation. Quota sampling Quota sampling is a method of stratified sampling in which the selection within strata is non-random. Selection is normally left to the discretion of the interviewer and it is this characteristic which destroys any pretensions towards randomness. Quota v random samplingThe advantages and disadvantages of quota versus probability samples has been a subject of controversy for many years. Some practitioners hold the quota sample method to be so unreliable and prone to bias as to be almost worthless. Others think that although it is clearly less sound theoretically than probability sampling, it can be used safely in certain circumstances. S till others believe that with adequate safeguards quota sampling can be made highly reliable and that the extra cost of probability sampling is not worthwhile. Generally, statisticians criticise the method for its theoretical weakness while market researchers defend it for its cheapness and administrative convenience. Main arguments against Quota sampling It is not possible to estimate sampling errors with quota sampling because of the absence of randomness. Some people argue that sampling errors are so small compared with all the other errors and biases that enter into a survey that not being able to estimate is no great disadvantage. One does not have the security, though, of being able to measure and control these errors. 2 The interviewer may fail to secure a representative sample of respondents in quota sampling. For example, are those in the over 65 age group spread over all the age range or constellate around 65 and 66? 3 Social class controls leave a lot to the interviewers judgement. 4 Strict control of fieldwork is more difficult, i. e. id interviewers place respondents in groups where cases are needed rather than in those to which they belong. Main arguments for quota sampling 1 Quota sampling is less costly. A quota interview on average costs only half or a third as much as a random interview, but we must call in that precision is lost. 2 It is easy administratively. The labour of random selection is avoided, and so are the headaches of non-contact and callbacks. 3 If fieldwork has to be done quickly, perhaps to reduce memory errors, quota sampling may be the only possibility, e. g. to obtain immediate public reaction to some event. 4. Quota sampling is independent of the existence of sampling frames. ball and multistage sampling Cluster sampling The process of sampling complete groups or units is called forgather sampling, situations where there is any sub-sampling within the clusters chosen at the first stage are covered by the term multistage sampling. For example, suppose that a survey is to be done in a large town and that the unit of inquiry (i. e. the unit from which data are to be gathered) is the individual household. Suppose further that the town contains 20,000 households, all of them listed on convenient records, and that a sample of 200 households is to be selected. One approach would be to pick the 200 by some random method.However, this would spread the sample over the whole town, with consequent high fieldwork costs and much inconvenience. (All the more so if the survey were to be conducted in rural areas, especially in developing countries where rural areas are sparsely populated and access difficult). One might decide therefore to concentrate the sample in a few parts of the town and it may be assumed for simplicity that the town is divided into 400 areas with 50 households in each. A simple course would be to select say 4 areas at random (i. e. 1 in 100) and include all the households within these areas in our sample. The overall probability of selection is unchanged, but by selecting clusters of households, one has materially simplified and made cheaper the fieldwork.A large number of small clusters is better, all other things being equal, than a small number of large clusters. Whether single stage cluster sampling proves to be as statistically efficient as a simple random sampling depends upon the degree of homogeneity within clusters. If respondents within clusters are homogeneous with respect to such things as income, socio-economic class etc. , they do not fully represent the population and will, therefore, provide larger standard errors. On the other hand, the lower cost of cluster sampling often outweighs the disadvantages of statistical inefficiency. In short, cluster sampling tends to offer greater reliability for a given cost rather than greater reliability for a given sample size. Multistage samplingThe population is regarded as being composed of a number of first stage or primary sampling units (PSUs) each of them being made up of a number of second stage units in each selected PSU and so the procedure continues down to the final sampling unit, with the sampling ideally being random at each stage. The necessity of multistage sampling is easily established. PSUs for national surveys are often administrative districts, urban districts or parliamentary constituencies. Within the selected PSU one may go direct to the final sampling units, such as individuals, households or addresses, in which case we have a two-stage sample. It would be more usual to introduce intermediate sampling stages, i. e. administrative districts are sub-divided into wards, then polling districts. celestial sphere samplingArea sampling is basically multistage sampling in which lay outs, rather than lists or registers, serve as the sampling frame. This is the main method of sampling in developing countries where adequate population lists are rare. The area to be covered is div ided into a number of smaller sub-areas from which a sample is selected at random within these areas either a complete figuring is taken or a further sub-sample. Aerial sampling pic A gridiron, such as that shown above, is drawn and superimposed on a map of the area of concern. Sampling points are selected on the basis of numbers drawn at random that equate to the numbered columns and rows of the grid.If the area is large, it can be subdivided into sub-areas and a grid overlayed on these. Figure 7. 4 depicts the procedures involved. As in figure 7. 3 the columns and rows are given numbers. Then, each square in the grid is allocated numbers to define grid lines. Using random numbers, sampling points are chosen within each square. Figure 7. 4 gives an impression of the pattern of sampling which emerges. Why to select Area Sampling? Since it is generally insurmountable to study an entire population (every individual in a country, all college students, every geographic area, etc. ), researchers typically rely on sampling to acquire a section of the population to perform an experiment or observational study.It is important that the group selected be representative of the population, and not biased in a systematic manner. For this reason, randomization is typically employed to achieve an unbiased sample. There may often be factors which divide up the population into sub-populations (groups / strata) and we may expect the measurement of interest to vary among the different sub-populations. This has to be accounted for when we select a sample from the population in order that we obtain a sample that is representative of the population. This is achieved by stratified sampling. A stratified sample is obtained by taking samples from each stratum or sub-group of a population.When we sample a population with several strata, we generally require that the proportion of each stratum in the sample should be the same as in the population. Stratified sampling techniques are g enerally used when the population is heterogeneous, or dissimilar, where certain homogeneous, or similar, sub-populations can be detached (strata). Simple random sampling is most appropriate when the entire population from which the sample is taken is homogeneous. Some reasons for using stratified sampling over simple random sampling are a) the cost per observation in the survey may be reduced b) estimates of the population parameters may be wanted for each sub-population c) increased accuracy at given cost. . Research Findings Q. 1. Do you read Newspaper? a) Yes (b) No Number of people reading news paper. pic Q. 2. Which newspaper do you read? (a) Yes (b)No pic APPENDICES Questionnaire 1) Do you read Newspaper? (a) Yes (b) No 2) Which newspaper do you read? (a) Yes (b)No 3) Which business newspaper do you read? (a) plug (b) ET (c) Business Express (d) Others i. Specify 4) Please rate the Mint, ET and other on the basis of 1 to 5 scale a. MINT ET Other (specify) b. Quality.. 9, a) Quality.. 9, a) Quality c. charge .. , b) Price .. 9, b) Price . d. Service . 8, c) Service. 8, c) Service e. Offer 9, d) Offer .. 7, d) Offer . 5) Which type of news do you like most in the newspaper? (a) semipolitical News (b) Business News (c) Page 3 (d) Others 6) Do you like the Promotional programs? (a)Yes (b)No 7) Which promotional program attracts you more? a) Related to monetary terms b) Giving more attention for changing quality of news according to you 8) Do you ever taken any newspaper by promotional offers? (a)Yes (b)No 9) Which promotional offer do you like most? a)Short term (b)Long term 10) Have you ever tried a new newspaper due to promotional offer? (a)Yes (b)No 11) Does offer giving newspapers satisfies your news needs? (a)Yes (b)No 12) Would you like to continue the newspaper without offer? (a)Yes (b)No (c)Looking for further offers occupier editor BHAGALPUR RESIDENT EDITOR VARANASI RESIDENT EDITOR RANCHI RESIDENT EDITOR PATNA RESIDENT EDITOR LUCKNOW decisi on maker EDITOR KADAMBINI EXECUTIVE EDITOR NANDAN RESIDENT EDITOR HINDUSTAN DELHI V. P. -LEGAL, assess & CO. 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VICE CHAIRPERSON & EDITORIAL DIRECTOR one hundred twenty-five Metro now JV with BCCL Delhi Mumbai Bangalore Kolkata Leadership Luxury Others Delhi Mumbai Bangalore Bihar Jharkhand UP Delhi Punjab Uttranchal Mumbai Chandigarh Bhopal JalandarVaranasi Mujafarpur Bhagalpur Kanpur Dehradoon Noida Banglore Lucknow Patna Ranchi Kolkata Hindustanimes. com Hindustan. com HTCricket. com Livemint. com Shine. c om Radio (Virgin) Events Mint (WSJ) Hindustan Hindustan Times Internet Print HT Media older EXECUTIVE (CENTER WISE) SR. EXECUTIVE (CENTER WISE) SR. EXECUTIVE (CENTER WISE) SR. EXECUTIVE (CENTER WISE) ASSISTANT autobus ASSISTANT MANAGER DEPUTY MANAGER AREA WISE course of instruction WISE REPORTERS SUB- EDITOR CHIEF-EDITOR LOGISTICS WORKERS ASSISTANT MANAGER CIRCULATION DEPARTMENT MANAGER gross revenue SUBSCRIPTION DEPARTMENT PRODUCTION MANAGER EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT MEDIA MARKETING D G M SALES BUSINESS HEAD NORTH